跨⽂化交际复习纲要
跨⽂化交际复习纲要
Unit 1
1.Culture Defined from the Intercultural Perspective
Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviours and artifacts that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.
2.Three Ingredients of culture
artifacts⼈造物品
concepts (beliefs, values, world views…)
behavior
3.The Characteristics of Culture
Culture is Not Innate, it is Learned.
Culture is Dynamic
Culture is pervasive
Facets of Culture are Interrelated
Culture is Ethnocentric
Culture is adaptive
4.The definition of communication
/doc/488e977502768e9951e7388f.html ponents of communication (第⼀课课件P66-71)
人乐6.Intercultural Communication
Intercultural communication refers to communication between people who cultural backgrounds (perception and symbol system) are distinct enough to alter their communication (课本p.10).
<-culture
cultures which exist side-by side
the following would be some good examples:
The cultures of youth and the culture of older persons
The cultures of media-worshipers and mainstream American culture
Unit 2
1.Verbal intercultural communication
“verbal” means “consisting of words”. Language, spoken or written, is a means of verbal communication. Verbal communication refers to the communication that is carried either in oral or in written form with the u of words. Verbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.
2.Individualism and collectivism
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Cultures are typically divided into two categories: collectivist and individualist. Individualist cultures, such as tho of the United States and Western Europe, emphasize personal achievement at the expen of group goals, resulting in a strong n of competition. Collectivist cultures, such as tho of China, Korea, and Japan, emphasize family and work group goals above individual needs or desires.
Unit 3
1. Power distance权⼒差距
Power distance is “the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally”. (Hofstede)⼀个国家内的机构和组织的弱势成员期望和接受权⼒分配不均的程度。它能反映社会中弱势成员和强势成员的价值观。
Cultures that endor low power distance expect and accept power relations that are more consultative or democratic. People relate to one another more as equals regardless of formal positions. Subordinates are more comfortable with and demand the right to contribute to and critique the decision making of tho in power. In high power distance countries, less powerful accept power relations that are more autocratic and paternalistic. Subordinates acknowledge the power of others simply bad on where they are situated in certain formal, hierarchical positions. As such, the power distance index Hofstede defines does not reflect an objective difference in power distribution, but rather the way people perceive power differences.
2. Compliments and respon
Compliments and prais are of great social functions.
gnd滤镜
Concerning compliments and compliment respons, the pragmatic rules are various in different cultures.
In American culture, the topic of compliments can be varied. Their respon to compliments is positive.
Chine people are shy to compliment others and also modesty to accept compliments.
3.Differences Between Chine and English Compliments (P51-54)
Semantic and syntactic formula
4. Cultural Assumption⽂化设定(pg. 56)
A cultural assumption is when we assume that a person has particular values and attitudes bad on their cultural backgrounds.
5.Stereotype: A conventional, formulaic, and oversimplified conception, opinion, or image. They refer to negative or positive judgments made about individuals bad on any obrvable or believed group membership.（⽂化定势：⽂化定势指基于明显的或受到认可的群体⾝份，对⽬标群体中的个体成员所持有的正⾯或反⾯的判断。）
A stereotype is an assumption made about a person bad on superficial (surface) criteria.You must be careful not to u stereotypes and remember that each person is an individual, therefore their personality is not defined by their ethnicity, gender or age. Giving people characteristics bad on race is racism and through gender is xism. Be aware of how compors u stereotypes and be able to identify them.
6. Ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture. The ethnocentric individual will judge other groups relative to his or her own particular ethnic group or culture, especially with concern to language, behavior, customs, and religion. The ethnic distinctions and subdivisions rve to define each ethnicity's unique cultural identity.
It refers to negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of
one’s own culture.（民族优越感/民族中⼼主义：民族优越感指从本国⽂化的标准出发，消极地审视另⼀⽂化。）
7.Assuming similarity instead of difference: It refers to the idea that people coming from another cult
ure are more similar to you than they actually are or that another person’s situation is more similar to yours than it in fact is. （假定⼀致性：假定⼀致性是指认为来⾃另⼀⽂化的他⼈和⾃⼰相似或他⼈的处境与⾃⼰的处境相似，⽽事实上却并⾮如此。）
Unit 4
1.Relationship between Language and Culture
Language is part of culture and plays a very important role in it. Some social scientists consider it the keystone of culture. Without language, they maintain, culture would not be possible. On the other hand, language is influenced and shaped by culture; it reflects culture. In the broadest n, language is the symbolic reprentation of a people, and it compris their historical and cultural backgrounds as well as their approach to life and their ways of living and thinking.
Language is ambiguous. There may be different interpretations to the same words. Therefore, it is important to make inferences about the meaning of words from the context.
Denotation :the primary, surface meaning, or explicit meaning.字⾯意思Connotation :the implicit meaning, the implication of a word, apart from its primary meaning.隐涵意义
2. Major mantic differences between English and Chine terms(P73)
a. A term in one language does not necessarily have a counterpart in the other language. (abnce of counterpart)
b. Some words or terms appear to refer to the same object or concept, but actually refer to quite different things. (same words, different meaning)
c. Thins or concepts could be reprented by many more terms in the other language. (same concept, various terms)
d. Terms with similar primary meaning might have distinctive condary meaning. (same primary meaning, different condary meaning)
3. Cultural Reflections on Proverbs
Proverbs may provide int eresting glimps or clues to a people’s geography, history, social organization, social views, etc. (P74)
4.Discour Patterns
The original main focus of discour analysis was on how we form units of communication that are larger than just words or ntences. But our interest is in communication between members of different groups. A spoken discour reprents
the joint product of all the participants in the situation, while a written discour reprents the one-sided product of a discour by the participants who compo the text.
5. Thought patterns
大度包容At least part of the reason why people have different discour patterns is due to their differences in patterns of thinking, which are important issues for students of intercultural communication. Analytical thinking characterizes the thought pattern of Americans (and many other Westerners) . They tend to analyze and disct things into elements in order to understand them properly. Their emphasis is upon the parts rather than upon the whole of things. They tend to be quite strong in classification and categorization and to pursue absolute dichotomies ⼆分法such as good and bad, God and the devil, the individual and the whole, in a word, "A" or "not-A" . We Chine more often employ synthetic thinking patterns. We tend to synthesize elements into a unit, with the emphasis on the "whole". Differences in Cultural Thought Patterns
5Linear & direct Tangential & mi-direct Circular Consistently Circuitous Direct & Circuitous 直接的、
线性的闪族⼈
间接相关与半直接
相结合东⽅⼈：循环、迂回论证罗曼⼈：固守的迂回俄罗斯⼈：直接中⼜带
着隐晦和迂
夏紫薰回
Unit 5
1. Hall's definition of personal space
a. Intimate space —the clost "bubble" of space surrounding a person. Entry into this space is acceptable only for the clost friends and intimates.
生牛油果能吃吗
b. Social and consultative spaces —the spaces in which people feel comfortable conducting routine
social interactions with acquaintances as well as strangers. 社交
c. Public space —the area of space beyond which people will perceive interactions as impersonal and relatively anonymous.公众场所
Cultural expectations about the spaces vary widely.
2. Study areas of non-verbal communication 课本 P95
Time language (chronemics)
Space language(proxemics)
body language (kinesics)
paralanguage
3. Chronemics (第5课课件P38-41)
Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and u time. It includes
a. the n of time
b.Monochronic and polychronic views of time
4.Proxemics⼈际距离学
Proxemics refers to the study of spatial relations. The study of proxemics includes three aspects of space: (a) fixed features of space. (b) mifixed features of space, and
(c) personal space
5.haptics触觉⾏为
Haptics or touch refers to communicating through the u of bodily contact.
6.kinesics⾝势学
Kinesics is the term ud for communicating through various types of body movements including facial expressions, gestures, posture(体位）and stance（站⽴姿势）, and other mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages. 7.Other Categories of Nonverbal Communication
ocuelsics (⽬光语): The study of communications nt by the eyes is termed oculesics.
olfactics (嗅觉): The study of communication via smell is called Olfactics. A person’s smell can have a positive or negative effect on the oral message.
chromatics (⾊彩学): Chromatics refers to the study of color u in affecting people’s mood, emotions, and impression of others.
观音掌
attire (服饰）: People in all cultures u clothing and other forms of bodily adornment to communicate status, intentions, and other messages. The vocabulary of dress that we learn includes not only items of clothing but also hair styles, jewelry, makeup, and other body decoration such as tattoos.
8.Paralanguage我的母语课
The t of nonphonemic properties of speech, such as speaking tempo, vocal pitch, and intonational contours, that can be ud to communicate attitudes or other shades of meaning. 见课件P92-93，P95-96
I. Paralanguage
2.Vocal qualifiers语⾳
a. voice t
the context in which the speaker is speaking:
the situation gender
mood age
person’s culture
b. voice qualities ⾳质
volume pitch⾳⾼
tempo rhythm
articulation resonance洪亮，嘹亮
nasality accent
