Chapter 4 Explaining cond language learning
● The behaviourist perspective三网融合是哪三网
✓L2 Applications:
∙西葫芦鸡蛋蒸饺Audiolingual instruction: A dominant approach to foreign language teaching from the 1940s to the 1960s, especially in North America.
∙Activities emphasized mimicry and memorization.
∙Concern that habits formed in the first language would interfere with new ones for cond language learning. Thus, behaviourism linked with contrastive analysis.
九上语文作业本答案✓Limitations:
∙Rearchers found that many learner errors are not predictable
on the basis of first language.
汉书是谁写的
∙L1 influence is not simply a matter of habits but a more complex
process. (reluctant to transfer certain L1 language patterns, even
when the translation equivalent would be correct)
● The innatist perspective
✓Opinions
∙Chomsky’s critique of behaviourism
∙Chomsky viewed L1 as bad on child’s innate language-specific module of the mind.
∙Innate knowledge of certain principles of Universal Grammar permits all children to acquire the language of their environment during a critical period of their development
∙Primary focus of UG-bad SLA rearch is on competence not performance.
✓About L2 learning
∙Chomsky made no specific claims about the implications of his theory for L2 learning.
∙However, other linguists with an interest in SLA have discusd this and have not entirely agreed.
∙There is still ‘the logic problem’ of L2 acquisition (learners eventually know more about the language than they could reasonably learned if they had to depend entirely on the input they are expod to)----knowledge of UG must be available to L2 learners as well as L1 learners
清炖排骨萝卜汤But whether the nature and availability are same or has been altered by the acquisition of other languages茶园
∙How do instruction and corrective feedback contribute to SLA?
instruction and corrective feedback change only superficial aspects of language performance and do not affect the underlying systematic knowledge.
L2 learners need explicit information about what is not grammatical sometimes.
∙Usually interested in the language competence of advanced learners ---- involve grammatical judgement
✓L2 applications: Krashen’s Monitor Model
∙Five hypothes of Monitor Model
• Acquisition(unconscious) versus learning(conscious attention to form and rule learning) ----- far more language is acquired than learned
• Monitor hypothesis: Learned knowledge ud only as a monitor/editor to make minor changes and polish what the acquired system has produced
• Natural Order Hypothesis: L2 Acquisition follows a ‘natural order’ and unfolds in predicable quences.
• Comprehensible input hypothesis: Acquisition is bad on access to comprehensible input containing (i+1).
• Affective filter hypothesis: Stress and negative affect interfere with acquisition.
∙Challenged by other rearchers and theorists, but still influential.
• as not testable in empirical rearch
• Nonetheless, his ideas have had a major influence on the movement from structure-bad to communicative approaches to language teaching (e.g. content-bad, immersion, and task-bad instruction).
• Classroom rearch explaining L2 learning confirms that students can make considerable progress through exposure to comprehensible input but questions remain about whether it is sufficient.
● The cognitive perspective
✓Opinions
∙The study of cognition––how humans acquire, process, store, and retrieve information许树文
∙Emphasize the role of general human abilities to process and learn information—including language on the basis of experience
∙In contrast to innatists, cognitive psychologists argue that there is no mental module devoted to language acquisition. Rather, all learning and thinking are bad on the same cognitive process.
创主∙Learning a first or a cond language draws on the same learning process (perception, memory, categorization and generatlization); what’s different are the circumstances of learning and how learners’ prior knowledge of language shapes their perception of a new language.
✓Information processing
∙Language acquisition is the building up of knowledge that can eventually be ud automatically for speaking and understanding.
