Whitesides Group: Writing a Paper
好东西可不能专享，公布出来参考参考吧：Whitesides，我很崇拜的人哦，HU的化学大牛。很年轻的时候就进了美国国家科学院，最近因为纳米制备技术的研究，又进了国家工程院，拿中国的话讲就是两院院士啊，呵呵。他拿奖无数，什么copper，东京，沃尔夫通通不放过，现在能让老人家心动的大概就是nobel了。
Whitesides Group: Writing a Paper
George M. Whitesides
Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
1.What is a scientific paper?
A paper is an organized description of hypothes, data and conclusions, intended to instruct the reader. Papers are a central part of rearch. If your rearch does not generat
e papers, it might just as well not have been done. “Interesting and unpublished” is equivalent to “non-existent.”
中国名人传记
[科技论文是集假说、数据和结论为一体的概括性描述]
Realize that your objective in rearch is to formulate and test hypothes, to draw conclusions from the tests, and to teach the conclusions to others. Your objective is not to “collect data.”
[研究的目的是为了形成并证实假说，得出结论，不是简单的数据收集。]
A paper is not just an archival device for storing a completed rearch program, it is also a structure for planning your rearch in progress. If you clearly understand the purpo and form of a paper, it can be immenly uful to you in organizing and conducting your rearch. A good outline for the paper is also a good plan for the rearch program. You should write and rewrite the plans/outlines throughout the cour of the rearch. At the beginning, you will have mostly plan; at the end, mostly outline. The continuous effort
to understand, analyze, summarize, and reformulate hypothes on paper will be immenly more efficient for you than a process in which you collect data and only start to organize them when their collection is“complete.”
[论文并不仅是收集研究结果，也有助于形成进一步的研究工作的框架][大学英语周记好的文章提要也是研究工作的好计划，在研究的过程中，应该反复修改这些计划或提要。研究工作开始时，应有完善的计划；工作结束时，应充分的总结。]
2.Outlines
2.1 The reason for outlines.
I emphasize the central place of an outline in writing papers, preparing minars, and planning rearch. I especially believe that for you, and for me, it is most efficient to write papers from outlines. An outline is a written plan of the organization of a paper, including the data on which it rests. You should, in fact, think of an outline as a carefully organized and prented t of data, with attendant objectives, hypothes and conclusions, rather than an outline of text.
[按照提纲进行写作是最有效的方法][提纲是一篇论文的行文计划，应该包括论文所依靠的数据。提纲不仅仅是列出各段的内容， 而是按照目的， 假说， 结
论来精心组织数据。]
An outline itlf contains little text. If you and I can agree on the details of the outline (that is, on the data and organization), the supporting text can be asmbled fairly easily. If we do not agree on the outline, any text is uless. Much of the time in writing a paper goes into the text; most of the thought goes into the organization of the data and into the analysis. It can be relatively efficient to go through veral (even many) cycles of an outline before beginning to write text; writing many versions of the full text of a paper is slow.
[在我们就提纲达成一致以前，写正文是没有意义的][在动笔前，详细讨论几遍写作提纲会提高写作效率；写很多遍正文反倒很慢]
奥林匹克精神All the writing that I do - papers, reports, proposals (and, of cour, slides for minars)- I do from outlines. I urge you to learn how to u them as well.
2.2 How should you construct an outline?
The classical approach is to start with a blank piece of paper, and write down, in any order, all important ideas that occur to you concerning the paper. Ask yourlf the obvious questions:“Why did I do this work?” “What does it mean?”“What hypothesis did I mean to test?”“What ones did I actually test?”“What were the results?”“Did the work yield a new method or compound? What?”“What measurements did I make?”“What compounds? How were they characterized?” Sketch possible equations, figures, and schemes. It is esntial to try to get the major ideas written down. If you start the rearch to test one hypothesis, and decide, when you e what you have, that the data really em to test some other hypothesis better, don't worry. Write them both down, and pick the best combinations of hypothes, objectives and data. Often the objectives of a paper when it is finished are different from tho ud to justify starting the work. Much of good science is opportunistic and revisionist.
[找一页空白的纸，以任何顺序，写下与这篇文章有关的所有重要观点][自问一些显而易见
的问题][如果你的研究开始是为证实一个假设，然而当你发现你有的数据仿佛真的可以更好地验证其它的假设时，你也不必担心。把它们两者都写出来，去选择假设，目的和数据的最佳组合。]
When you have written down what you can, start with another piece of paper and try to organize the jumble of the first one. Sort all of your ideas into three major heaps (A-C).
[试着草拟一份提纲。将你的观点分成三大类]
A) Introduction
Why did I do the work? What were the central motivations and hypothes?
[为什么我要做这件工作，主要的目的和假设是什么？]团员申请书
B) Results and Discussion
平方怎么算的
win10没声音What were the results? How were compounds made and characterized? What was measured?
[结果是什么？化合物是怎样合成与表征的？测试方法是什么？]
六年级英语上册C) Conclusions
林子祥经典歌曲What does it all mean? What hypothes were proved or disproved? What did I learn? Why does it make a difference?
[所有这一切意味着什么？证实或否定了什么假设？我学到了什么？结果为什么与众不同？]
Next, take each of the ctions, and organize it on yet finer scale. Concentrate on organizing the data. Construct figures, tables, and schemes to prent the data as clearly and compactly as possible. This process can be slow - I may sketch a figure 5-10 times in different ways, trying to decide how it is most clear (and looks best aesthetically).
