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3D打印技术资料
3D printing
For methods of applying a 2D image on a 3D surface, e pad printing. For methods of printing 2D parallax stereograms that em 3D to the eye, e lenticular printing and holography.
An ORDbot Quantum 3D printer.
网络语言
Timelap video of a hyperboloid object (designed by George W. Hart) made of PLA using a RepRap "Prusa Mendel" 3D printer for molten polymer deposition.
3D printing or Additive manufacturing[1] is a process of making a
three-dimensional solid object of virtually any shape from a digital model. 3D printing is achieved using an additive process, where successive layers of material are laid down in different shapes.[2]3D printing is also considered distinct from traditional machining techniques, which mostly rely on the removal of material by methods such as cutting or drilling (subtractive process).
A 3D printer is a limited type of industrial robot that is capable of carrying out an additive process under computer control.
While 3D printing technology has been around since the 1980s, it was not until the early 2010s that the printers became widely available commercially.[3] The first working 3D printer was created in 1984 by
Chuck Hull of 3D Systems Corp.[4] Since the start of the 21st century there has been a large growth
in the sales of the machines, and their price has dropped substantially.[5] According to Wohlers Associates, a consultancy, the market for 3D printers and rvices was worth $2.2 billion worldwide in 2012, up 29% from 2011.[6]
The 3D printing technology is ud for both prototyping and distributed manufacturing with applications in architecture, construction (AEC), industrial design, automotive, aerospace, military, engineering, civil engineering, dental and medical industries, biotech (human tissue replacement), fashion, footwear, jewelry, eyewear, education, geographic information systems, food, and many other fields. One study has found[7] that open source 3D printing could become a mass market item becau domestic 3D printers can offt their capital costs by enabling consumers to avoid costs associated with purchasing common houhold objects.[8]
冰柜的温度怎么调Terminology
The term additive manufacturing refers to technologies that create objects through quential layering. Objects that are manufactured additively can be ud anywhere throughout the product life cycle, from pre-production (i.e. rapid prototyping) to full-scale production (i.e. rapid manufacturing), in addition to tooling applications and post-production customization.[9]
In manufacturing, and machining in particular, subtractive methods refers to more traditional methods. The term subtractive manufacturing is a retronym developed in recent years to distinguish it from newer additive manufacturing techniques. Although fabrication has included methods that are esntially "additive" for centuries (such as joining plates, sheets, forgings, and rolled work via riveting, screwing, forge welding, or newer kinds of welding), it did not include the information technology component of model-bad definition. Machining (generating exact shapes with high precision) has typically been subtractive, from filing and turning to milling, drilling and grinding.[9]梦见别人数钱
The term stereolithography was defined by Charles W. Hull as a "system for generating three-dimensional objects by creating a cross-ctional pattern of the object to be formed"—in a 1984 patent.[10][11]
General principles
3D model slicing.
Printing
To perform a print, the machine reads the design from an STL file and lays down successive layers of liquid, powder, paper or sheet material to build the model from a ries of cross ctions. The layers, which correspond to the virtual cross ctions from the CAD model, are joined or automatically fud to create the final shape. The primary advantage of this technique is its ability to create almost any shape or geometric feature.
Printer resolution describes layer thickness and X-Y resolution in dpi (dots per inch),[citation needed] or micrometers. Typical layer thickness is around 100 ??m (250 DPI), although some machines such as the Objet Connex ries and 3D Systems' ProJet ries can print layers as thin as 16 ??m (1,600 DPI).[12] X-Y resolution is comparable to that of lar printers. The particles (3D dots) are around 50 to 100 ??m (510 to 250 DPI) in diameter.
Construction of a model with contemporary methods can take anywhere from veral hours to ver
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al days, depending on the method ud and the size and complexity of the model. Additive systems can typically reduce this time to a few hours, although it varies widely depending on the type of machine ud and the size and number of models being produced simultaneously.八年级上册生物思维导图
Traditional techniques like injection molding can be less expensive for manufacturing polymer products in high quantities, but additive manufacturing can be faster, more flexible and less expensive when
producing relatively small quantities of parts. 3D printers give designers and concept development teams the ability to produce parts and concept models using a desktop size printer.
Finishing
Though the printer-produced resolution is sufficient for many applications, printing a slightly oversized version of the desired object in standard resolution and then removing material with a higher-resolution subtractive process can achieve greater
precision.[citation needed]
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Some additive manufacturing techniques are capable of using multiple materials in the cour of con
structing parts. Some are able to print in multiple colors and color combinations simultaneously. Some also utilize supports when building. Supports are removable or dissolvable upon completion of the print, and are ud to support overhanging features during construction.
Additive process
溜冰教程Rapid prototyping worldwide 2001[13]
The Audi RSQ was made with rapid prototyping industrial KUKA robots.
Several different 3D printing process have been invented since the late 1970s. The printers were originally large, expensive, and highly limited in what they could produce.[14]
