J Food Sci Nutr
Vol 12, p 1-6 (2007)
Effects of Colostrum Basic Protein from Colostrum Whey Protein:
Incread in Osteoblast Proliferation and Bone Metabolism
Jeongrai Lee’, Hyun-Mi Kim’, Hsun Choi² and jeong Hwa Hong
¹ RexGene Biotech CO., Chungbuk 363-883, Korea
² Food Science Institute, School of Food and Life Science, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea
Abstract
Colostrum basic protein (CBP) (MW 1-30 kDa) were isolated from bovine colostrum using a ries of ultra-filtration process and their effects on osteoblast cell proliferation and bone metabolism were investigated in cell line and animal models. Treatment with CBP (1,10,100 µg/ml) does-dependently incread cell proliferation of osteoblastic MC3T3 cells. Alkaline phosphasta activity, a marker of ost
eoblad phenotype, in the cells was also increa after treatment with CBP in a does-dependent manner. Significant increas in bone density were obrved in femur of ovariectomized rats which were fed a diet with 1% and 10% CBP, compared to rats fed a normal diet. The results suggest that CBP may increa bone mass and density and be uful for the prevention of bone-related dias.
Key wards: colostrum basic protein, osteoblast, bone density, alkaline phosphata activity
INTRODUCTION
Recently, there had been incread rearch on bio-active compounds from natural foods by pharmaceutical and functional food industries to meet the demands people who are interested in health prevention.
Milk is a rich biological fluid that contains physiolo-gically active proteins to protect against infections (1-3). It contains numerous bioactive molecules associated with nutrition and regulation various metabolic process (4-8). Human milk or bovine colostrum in place of rum in cell culture supports normal growth of various cell types, such as epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells (9-11). Physiologically active substances have been found in trace amounts at specific stage during lact
旋转电动牙刷ation (12). Colostrum is considered to be a possible source of factors with anabolic effects on bone (13). It has twice the solids contents and 5 times the protein of milk, but crude fat contents were 67% of that in milk. Colostrum has immune factors, physical factors, and cell division factors, etc. (14). Colostrum in mammals has growth factors including IGF-1 and TGF-β(MW. 5-10kDa) and it has 10-500 times the growth factors of milk (15, 16). The concentration of immune factors is also much higher in colostrum than in milk. Rearch (17) has shown that colostrum has powerful natural immune and growth factors that bring the body to a stage of homeostasis. Colostrum helps to support health immunity, marrow, neuron, digestion, and * Corresponding author. E-mail: fdsnhhon@hanmail Phone: +82 -55- 320-3237, Fax: +82 - 55- 321- 0691 muscle functions.
Deficiency of growth factors is associated with impaired bone metabolism such as age-related bone loss and osteoporosis. Lactoferrin, lactoperoxida, and related peptides in colosturm are related to calcium metabolism. The main purpo of our paper was to investigate the effect of colostrum basic protein (CBP) on cellular growth and differentiation. Thus it was possible to further clarify the effect CBP on the differentiation and mineralization of osteoblast-like MC3T3–E1 cells. Moreover, we performed an in vivo study using ovariectomized rats to investigate whether CBP would prevent bone loss and bone resorption.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Isolation of colostrum basic protein from bovine colostrum
A schematic of the procedure for preparation of colostrum basic protein (CBP) is shown in Fig.1. Bovine colostrum was collected during the first 48 hours after calving from cows and centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 30 min to remove the cream layer (18). The defatted bovine colostrum was acidified with 1 N HCI to pH 4.6, which resulted in the coagulation of cain. The coagulated cain was parated from the whey by centrifugation for 30min at 5,000 rpm and the cain wad discarded.
2 Jeongrai Lee et al.
Colostrum
喝完咖啡心慌⇓→ Cream
Skim milk
⇓→ Cain
Whole Whey
⇓→α-lactalbumin
β-lactoglobulin Ultrafiltration (UF)
⇓
30kD UF membrane cutting
⇓→ Fraction > 30kD Fraction < 30kD
⇓
1kD UF membrane cutting
⇓→ Fraction < 1kD 1kD < Fraction < 30kD
⇓
Freezing dry
⇓
CBP90年代电视剧
Fig.1. Schematic procedure of isolating colostrum basic protein (CBP) from colostrums. CBP was centrifuged to parate skim milk and cream fractions. The skim milk was adjusted to pH4.6, and cain aggregated was removed by centrifugation. The α- and β-lactoglobulin were removed by pH adjustment and centrifugation. The various fractions were obtained by ultrafiltrations.
To remove α-lactalbumin, pH of the whey was first adjusted to 5.5 with 1.5M trisodium citric acid and then to 3.9 with 1.5M citric acid. After pH adjustment, the whey was heated for 150 min at 35°C to precipitate α-lactalbumin and the precipitated α-lactalbumin was removed via centrifugation at 5,000 rpm for 30 min. To remove β-lactoglobulin, the supernatant was further adjusted to pH4.5 with 1 N NaOH and then centrifuged at 18,000rpm for 30 min. This final supernatant was further purified by quential ultrafiltration to give CBP (19). The ultrafiltration were conducted in a 25 mm diameter Amicon stirred ultrafiltration cell (model 8010, Amicon Corp., Beverly, MA) using 100 and 30 kDa molecular weight cut-off Biomax polyethersulfone membranes. The residues were adjusted to pH7.2 with I N NaOH, centrifuged at 18,000rpm for 30 min and re-ultrafiltrated with a 1 kDa membrane to remove small molecules such as salts and lacto. This final residue, designated colostrum basic protein, was freeze-dried and powdered.
SDS-Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of purified CBP
To examine the purity of CBP isolated form bovine colostrum, the purified CBP and bovine colostrum was analyzed using SDS-PAGE. The samples was parated in a 10% gel at 2-4 mA for 3 hours with bromophenol blue (BPB) as a tracer. After electrophoresis, the gel was stained with coomassie blue and destained with 7.5% acetic acid and 5% methanol solution. Prestained SDS-PAGE standard 97595 (cat. 161-0318, Bio-Rad, USA) was the molecular weight marker.
Cell Culture and proliferation assay
Cell culture and proliferation assay was carries out using the method of Chung et al. (20), with slight modification. Osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells (CRL-2593) were obtained from American Type Culture Collections (Manassas, VA) and maintained in alpha-modified minimal esntial medium (α-MEM, Sigma, St. Louis, MO) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine rum (FBS), 100 units/mL penicillin, 100µg/mL streptomycin, in a humidified atmosphere of 95%, 5% CO2 at 37°C.
For cell proliferation assay, cells were plated onto 96-well plates at a density of 1 X 104 cells/well in the prence of CBP (1, 10, and 100 µg/mL). After 72 hours of incubation, MTT (3-[4,5-DimethyIthiazol-2-yI]-2.5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) was added to the media and incubated for 4 hours. Then, 20% sodium dode-cylsulfate (SDS) solution was treated for 20 hours and the optical de
nsity was measured with spectrophoto-meter at 540 nm. The effect of CBP on cell proliferation was expresd as percent respon compared to the control group.
Bone-specific alkaline phosphata activity in osteoblasts
Alkaline phosphata activity in osteoblasts was measured by Kurihara method (21). MC3T3-E1 cells were eded onto 6-well plates at a density of 5X104 cells/2mL/well and incubated with 1, 10, 100, and 1000 µg/mL CBP for 72 hours. After incubation, cells were washed three times with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and collected with 0.2% Nonidet P-40. The collected cells were sonicated for 15 min and centrifuged at 10,000g for 15min. the supernatant was ud for the measurement of bone-specific alkaline phosphata activity using Metra BAP kit (Quidel Co., USA).
Animal and diet
Four week old female Sprague-Dawley rats were houd in individual cages in a temperature and humidity controlled room (23±1°C and 40-60% relative humidity) with a 12 hour light/dark cycle. All rats (30rats) were given deionized water and diet ad libitum for a week. Under anesthesia with 100 mg/kg katamine (Ketara) and 2% xylazine (Rompun 0.15 mL/kg), 25 rats were ovariectomized at 1 week-of-age as described腐竹的泡发方法
Effects of Bovine Colostrum Basic Protein on Bone Metabolism 3
by D’Amour et al. (22). The ovariectomized rats were fed a low calcium diet (#113095, Dyets Inc., USA) ad libitum for 5 weeks. After 5 weeks of feeding, the animals were parated into three experimental groups (control, 1% CBP, and 10% CBP) for 10 animals each. Each group of rats was fed the control diet (AIN-93 diet, Dyets Inc., USA), 1% CBP diet (no cain, 1% CBP), and 10%CBP diet (no cain, 10% CBP) for 3 week.
Blood sampling and osteocalcin contents in rum After the feeding period, the rats were deprived of food overnight before being killed. A blood sample was obtained from each rat, t aside for 30 min, centrifuged for 20 min at 3,000 rpm (4°C), and the rum stored at -70°C. The osteocalcin contents in rum were meas-ured with Rat-MID osteocalcin ELISA kit (Nordic Bioscience Diagnostics, Denmark).
Measurement of bone weight and density in femur Femora were excid from rats, and the muscles, fats, and connective tissues were removed. The were dried in dry oven for 3 hours at 75°C, and the weight and the length measured. Bone density of the femur was meas-ured by dual-energy X-ray absorptionmetry (Norland XR ries X-ray source 319A051, USA) (23, 24).
square
Protein and ash contents bone
Total crude protein contents were measured by the Micro-Kjeldahl (Kjeltec Analyzer unit 2300, Foo Tecator, Sweden) method, proline contents by an amino acid analyzer 430 (Sykam, German), and crude ash, calcium, and phosphorus contents by Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy (Jobin Yvon 38 plus, France) (25).
Statistical analysis
Dates from individual experiments were expresd as the mean ± standard deviation. Statistical significances were analyzed using Student’s t-test and the accepted level of significance was p<0.05. Statistical analys were performed using SAS software (26).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CBP isolation and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Colostrum basic protein (MW. 1 kDa -30kDa) was obtained from mammal colostrum, and the results are shown in Fig.2. Protein patterns of isolated CBP were similar to colostrum protein, but SDS-PAGE revealed that CBP was more refined fraction of colostrums with lower molecular weights.
1 2 3 4 M
97.0
66.0
保持距离
45.0
30.0
20.1
Fig.2. the SDS-PAGE of CBP. Lane 1 is colostrums; lane 2 is a colostrum basic protein; line 3 is a molecular weight marker (SDS-PAGE standard 97595).
Effect of CBP on proliferation of osteoblast
The osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cell is an established cell line
ud in many laboratories for osteoblast functional studies. MC313-E1 cells are pre-osteoblastic cells that undergo osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization when grown in the prence of β-GP and L-AA. It is known that proliferation, matrix maturation And mineralization are three quential procesd in the differentiation of osteoblasts.
In this study, we examined the effect of CBP on the proliferation of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Experim-ental results are shown in Fig.3. The proliferation of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells was incread does –de-pendently when cells were treated with CBP for 3 days.
Fig.3. the effect of CBP on proliferation of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells for 72 hours. The cells were incubated with CBP (1, 10, 100 µg /ml) for 3 days. Cell prolifera-tion was measured according to the procedure described in the Materials and Methods ction. Each value is the mean ±SD. There were no statistically significant effects (p<0.05).
4 Jeongrai Lee et al.
and the effect was up to 126.67% at 100 µg CBP/mL. Therefore, from our study we know that CBP potentiate osteoblast cell proliferation.
The osteoblast is a bone-forming cell derived from menchyme that deposits an eosinophilic osteoid matrix within collagenous tissue, which subquently becomes mineralized. The osteoblast produces a subperiosteal collar of bone enclosing cartilaginous tissue in the center of the developing bone. Also, osteoblasts are active in collagen and mucopolysacch-aride production in bone (27). Therefore, the effect of
CBP on proliferation of osteoblast meant that collagen and bone formation ability was incread. According to Takada et al. (28), whey protein contains active components that can activate osteoblast cell proliferation and differentiation. Milk basic protein also contained active components to promote cell proliferation and collagen synthesis of osteoblasts. Effect of CBP on alkaline phosphata activity (ALP) in osteoblast
Alkaline phosphata activity, as an indicator of osteoblastic differentiation (29, 30), is a reprentative marker for the mature osteoblast. The osteoblast phenotypes are acquired in two stages. There is an initial period of proliferation and biosynthesis of the extracellular matrix, followed by a period of cell differentiation in two phas (31). In the first stage, the matrix matures and specific proteins associated with the bone cell phenotype such as ALP are detected. In the cond stage, matrix becomes mineralized, and late markers such as osteocalcin are produced. Thus we ex
amined cell proliferation and ALP activity to investigate the effect of CBP on the differentiation and mineralization of osteoblast-like cells.
Fig.4 shows the effect of CBP on the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells by determining ALP activity in the cells. The result suggested that the effect of CBP on ALP activity was does-dependent. CBP at the concen-tration of 1,000 µg CBP/mL incread the highest ALP activity in the MC3T3-E1 cells. Significant increas in ALP activity were obrved at 100 µg CBP/mL and 1,000 µg CBP/mL. However, CBP had no effect in the cultures at the concentrations of 1 µg CBP/mL. The results indicate that although CBP affects the activity of osteoblastic cells, the concentration of CBP is an important factor for the activation of osteoblast.方成语接龙
It is known that bone volume is maintained by two phas of bone remodeling, mainly bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoblasts. An imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption leads to metabolic bone dias (32). We found that CBP was effective in increasing the osteoblast proliferation and ALP activity in osteoblasts. Fig. 4. Effect of CBP on alkaline phosphata activity (ALP) in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells for the prolifera-tion period (72 hrs). The cells were incubated with CBP (1, 10, 100, 1000 µg/mL) for 3 days. The ALP activity was measured according to the procedure described in the Materials and Methods ction. Each value is
the mean ±SD. *significantly different from control (p<0.05).
Effect of CBP on bone metabolism
Serum osteocalcin contents: We examined the effect of CBP on bone loss in aging 4-12 weeks ovx rats. Ovariectomy caus bone loss due to estrogen defi-ciency. Osteocalcin, bone gal-protein, is bound to hydroxyapetite and calcium in bone and is indirectly re-flects osteoblast activity as a marker of bone formation (33,34).
The rum osteocalcin content of the ovx-1% and 10% CBP groups were higher than that of the ovx-control group (fig.5). Osteocalcin content of the ovx-control group was 311.34 µg/mL, while tho of the ovx-1% and 10% CBP groups were 317.33 and 317.48 µg/mL, respectively. However, the amount of CBP was not affected by osteocalcin contents in rum.
Fig.5. change in rum osteocalcin buy CBP intake contents. The ova rats were fed the control and CBP diet (1 and 10%) for 3 weeks. The rum osteocalcin contents were measured according to the procedure described on the Materials and Methods ction. Each value is the mean ± SD. (n=10). There were no statistically significant effects (p<0.05).
Effects of Bovine Colostrum Basic Protein on Bone Metabolism 3
看英文怎么说
Table 2. Effect of CBP on protein and mineral contents in femur of ovx rats
Crude protein Proline Ash Ca P
Control 33.73 ± 1.38¹ 1.08 ± 0.17 54.96 ± 1.42 43.06 ± 1.28 9.08 ± 0.23 CBP-1% 32.82 ± 1.54 1.03 ± 0.06 56.18 ± 1.87 43.80 ± 1029 10.54 ± 0.47 CBP-10% 33.97 ± 0.98 1.25 ± 0.07 56.01 ± 1.21 44.21 ± 0.77 10.34 ± 0.41 The ovx rats were fed the control and CBP diet (1% and 10%) for 3 weeks. The protein and mineral in femur were measured according to the procedure described in the Material and Methods ction.
1) Each value is the mean ± SD (N=10) * Significantly different from control (P<0.05).
acid in collagen and an indicator of collagen metabo-lism. Protein contents of femur were slightly decread CBP-1% group as 32.82 mg, but CBP-10% group had the highest protein contents. The proline contents were 1.08mg for control, 1.03mg for CBP-1%, and 1.25 mg for CBP-10%, but it was not significantly different between control and CBP groups. Bone matrix is compod of mineral and other material. Mineral is 60%-66% of bone weight with moisture and protein weight contributing the remainder (37). Ash contents in femur were slightly incread in the CBP group although it was not
significantly different. Calcium contents in femur also showed a similar trend to ash content. However, phosphorus contents were the highest in the CBP-1%, and slightly lower with the CBP-10%, but both were significantly higher than normal control group. We found that CBP was effective in increasing the bone matrix and bone proteins such as collagen in ovx rats, which suggests that the active component is absorbed by the small intestine. The supplemental intake of food factors that increa bone mass may play a role in maintaining born health and in prevention of bone loss with increasing age. CBP, which is a food factor, has been shown to have an anabolic effect on bone metabolism. In conclusion, it has been demonstrated that CBP incread alkaline phosphata activity and osteoblastic cells proliferation. Moreover, we found that CBP increa bone weight and density. We propo the possibility that the active component in CBP plays an important role in bone formation by activating osteoblast. Therefore, CBP is one of the active components for prevention of bone dia and osteoporosis.
