语言language
花园用英语怎么说Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols ud by social group for communication.
Arbitrariness: the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.
Productivity:language is resourceful becau of its duality and its reclusiveness. We can u it to create new meanings.
Duality:the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are compod of element of the condary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.
毕业论文模板格式Displacement:human languages enable their urs to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not prent(in time and spare) at the movement of communication.
Cultural transmission:language is not genetically inherited. Pasd from generation to generation, it requires some learning. It is true human are born with language capacity, but
a particular language a person learns to speak is a cultural one, rather than a genetic one like the dogs’ barking system.
Interchangeability:any human being can be both a producer and receiver of messages.
Language function:
informative: language is the instrument of thought, record the facts. The u of language to record the facts is a prerequisite of social development.牛肉砂锅
Interpersonal: by far the most important sociological u of language, and by which people establish and maintain their status in a society.
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Performative: the performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons
书房Emotive: to change the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something.
Phatic communion: we all u such small, emingly meaningless expressions to maintain a comfortable relationship between people without involving any factual contents.
Recreational: the recreational function of a language is often overlooked becau it ems so restrictive in purpo and suppodly so limited in ufulness.
Metalingual: our language can be ud to talk about itlf.
水资源管理条例Sociolinguistics—the study of language with reference to society.
Psycholinguistics---the study of language with reference to the working of the mind.
Applied linguistics---the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning.
Important distinctions in linguistics: 规定性Prescriptive .描述性Descriptive /8.共时语言学Synchronical linguistics 7.历时语言学Diachronic linguistics /5.语言能力Competence
6.语言运用performance /9.语言langue 10.言语parole /speech, writing/ traditional grammar and modern linguistics
第二章音系学抛砖引玉的故事
1 Phonology
is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur.
2 international phonetic alphabet
A t of standard phonetic symbols in the form of a chart, designed by the international phonetic association since 1888. It has been revid from time to time to include new discoveries and changes in phonetic theory and practice.
3 consonants and vowels
Consonant are produced by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing, which is so marked that air can not escape without producing audible friction.
Vowel is produced without such stricture so that air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or no.
4 cardinal vowel
Are a t of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing language.
5 anticipatory and perverative co-articulation
when such simultaneous or overlapping articulation are involved, we call the process co-articulation.
If the sound becomes more like the following sound, it is known as anticipatory co-articulation. If the sound shows the influence of the proceeding sound,it is perverative co-articulation.
6Phoneme
The smallest of sound which can distinguish two words
周口师范大学7Allophones
Different phones which can reprent a phoneme in different environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.
8Minimal pair
Are two words in a language which differ from each other by only one distinctive sound and which also differ in meaning.
9free variation
if two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast, that is the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, then the two words are in free variation.
Chapter three 词汇学
The total number of words stored in the brain is called the lexicon.
