Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary
1.What is a word?/ The definition of word.（名词解释）
A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.
2. The relationship between sound and meaning.（填空或简答）
The relationship between sound and meaning are arbitrary and conventional. （这两个单词要会拼写）
3.Why are there differences between sound and form?/ Explain the reasons that sound is different from form.（简答）
1）The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a parate letter to reprent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.
2）Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years
辕是什么意思3）A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.
4）Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary.
4.Vocabulary(简答)
All the words in a language make up its vocabulary. The term ‘vocabulary’ is ud in different ns. Not only can it refer to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words ud in a particular historical period. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possd by an individual person.
5.The general estimate of the prent-day English vocabulary is over one million words.
Classification of words(P10这一小节是重中之重，大题小题都会出到，请结合课本认真复习)
6.分类标准(选择填空)
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Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by u frequency, into contents words and functional words by notion, and into native words and borrowed words by origin遗臭万年的反义词.
7.The characteristics of basic words stock (简答)
1)All national character
2)Stability
3)Productivity
4)Polymy
5)Collocability
8.All national character is the most important of all features that may differentiate words of common u form all others. （选择或填空）
9.nonbasic words(名词解释)
1)Terminology (术语) consist of technical terms ud in particular disciplines and academic areas.(重点)
2)Jargon（行话）refers to the specialized vocabulary by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themlves.（重点）
3)Slang（了解）
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4)Argot （黑话）generally refers to the jargon of criminals.
5)Dialectal words （方言）are words ud only by speakers of the dialect in question.
6)Archaisms （古语）are words or forms that were once in common u but are now restricted only to specialized or limited u.
7)Neologisms（新词） are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.（重点）
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10.Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words. (名词解释或填空)
11.Functional words do not have notions of their own. (名词解释或填空)
12.Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.
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13.Functional words are also called empty words or form words. They include prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries, articles and pronouns.
14.the functions of native words:
Native words form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language. Therefore, what is true of the basic word stock is also true of native words.
15.Apart from the characteristics mentioned of the basic word stock, in contrast to borro
wed words, native words have two other features: (选择填空或简答)
1)Neutral in style
2)提高同义词Frequent in u 要注意native words一共有5+2=7个特点
16.外来语的分类：(选择填空或简答)
According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing, we can bring the loan-words under four class.
1)denizens
2)aliens
3)Translation-loans
4)Semantic-loans
17.Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now well assimilated into the Engli
sh language. （名词解释）
18.Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. （名词解释）
19.课本第20页练习中的选择、判断、填空都要仔细看，可能会出到原题
Chapter 2 The Development of The English Vocabulary
1.英语的三个发展阶段及其时间（简答，填空，选择，三个阶段及其时间都要记住）
1)Old English (450-1150)
2)Middle English (1150-1500)
3)Modern English (1500-up to now)
2.Now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as Old English （选择，填空）
3.Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. It was highly inflected 慧中
language just like modern German. （古英语的特点，选择，填空）
4.Middle English retained much fewer inflection. If we say that Old English was a full endings, Middle English was one of leveled endings.(中期英语的特点，选择，填空)
5.In modern English, word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions. It can be concluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language (Old English) to the prent analytic language. (现代英语的特点，选择，填空)
