《英汉语言文化比较》讲义
第1讲 语言与文化概述
1. The relationship between language and culture.
Language and culture are inparably intertwined.
(1) Language is a part of culture.
(2) Language is a manifestation of culture. (Culture manifests itlf both in patterns of language and thought, and in forms of activity and behavior.)
(3) Language is the stimulus of culture (A flourished language can promote the development of culture.)
2. English speakers are good at abstract thinking while the Chine are apt to think in terms of images.
3. English speakers prefer analytical thinking while the Chine prefer comprehensive thinking.
4. English speakers think more in a linear way while the Chine think more or less in a curving way.
5. According to Whorf hypothesis, isbn是什么“The language that an individual speaks facilitates particular ways of thinking.”
第2讲 英汉语发展简史1
1. Bad on morphological classification (形态分类法), English belongs to inflected language (屈折语), while Chine belongs to isolating language (孤立语).
2. Bad on structural classification (结构分类法), both English and Chine belong to analytic language (分析语).
3. Bad on genetic classification (谱系分类法), English belongs to Indo-European Language Family, and Chine belongs to Sino-Tibetan Language Family.
4. English is a 声卡没有声音怎么办West Germanic (西日耳曼语支) language that originated from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic invaders.
5. English is a phoneme language (表音文字) and Chine is an ideographic language (表意文字).
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6. The first people in England about who language we have definite knowledge are 600字写人作文the Celts.
7. win7临时文件A北京四合院建筑>中国作家排行榜fter the Norman Conquest, English entered the period of Middle English.
8. The period from 450 to 1150 is known as Old English. From 1150 to 1500 the language is known as Middle English. The language since 1500 is called Modern English (1500-1700, early Modern English, 1700 until now, later Modern English).
9. The main differences between Chine words and English words: a) Letters in English are like strokes in Chine. b) Morphemes in English are like radicals in Chine. c) Chine associative compounds (会意字) are like English compound words.
第3讲 英汉语发展简史2
1. Chine and most related languages share features that make them unlike most Western languages: They are monosyllabic, have even less inflection than English, and are tonal.
2. In Chine, a syllabic structure has three esntial components: initials (声母), finals (韵母), and tones (声调). Chine pinyin system has 21 initial consonants, 36 final vowels and 4 tones.
3. According to Xu Shen’s (许慎) rearch, Chine characters can be divided into six groups: 1) Pictographs (≈4%) 象形; 2) Ideographs (≈1%) 指事; 3) Logical Aggregates (≈13%) 会意; 4) Phonetic Complexes (≈82%) 形声; 5) Associative Transformations (a small portion) 转注; 6) Borrowings (a small portion) 假借.
第4讲 英汉语构词法
1. Word formation in English:
1) Compounding (合成法): Two or more words are joined together to form a new word. (For example: home + work → homework)
2) Prefixation (前缀法): Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. (For example: Pejorative prefixes (贬义前缀): mal-, pudo-, mis-, ill-).
3) Suffixation (后缀法): Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem, the primary function of suffixes is to change the grammatical function of stems.
4) Conversion (转化法): Conversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation (零位派生). (For example: 1) Problems snowballed by the hour. 2) Sandwich the two bread halves together and cut into 1-inch-wide slices.)
5) Shortening (缩略法)
6) Blending (拼缀法): Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining parts of two words. The result of such a process is called a blend. Blending is a process of both compounding and abbreviation. For example, smog (smoke＋fog).
7) Back-formation (逆成法): a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a suppod suffix. It is also known as a rever derivation.
8) Eponyms
9) Toponyms
2. Word formation in Chine:
1) The overwhelming majority of the Old-Chine morphemes are mono-syllabic酱板鸭怎么做好吃.
2) 61% of the 3,000 most commonly ud Chine words are disyllabic.
3) Chine prefixes mostly involve morphemes such as 老, 小, 第, and 初.
4) Some so-called Chine suffixes are added as a way of nominalization, like 度, 性, etc.
第5讲 英汉词语的文化内涵比较1
1. In Chine, the word xīn (心) that primarily denotes the heart organ may also refer to the “organ for thinking” and the “at of thought and emotions”.
