英语简单的6种构词法
英语构词通常包括六种⽅法：转化法、派⽣法、合成法、混合法、截短法和⾸尾字母结合法。
⼀、【派⽣法】
英语构词法中在词根前⾯加前缀或在词根后⾯加后缀，从⽽构成⼀个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词的⽅法叫作派⽣法。
1.前缀
除少数英语前缀外，前缀⼀般改变单词的意义，不改变词性；英语后缀⼀般改变词类，⽽不引起词义的变化。
(1)表⽰否定意义的前缀常⽤的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等，在单词的前⾯加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如：
agree同意→disagree不同意
fair公平的→unfair不公平的
possible可能的→impossible不可能的
understand理解→misunderstand误解
(2)表⽰其他意义的前缀常⽤的有a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对；抵抗), auto- (⾃动), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再；⼜), sub- (下⾯的；次；⼩), tele- (强调距离)等。例如：
co-worker 同事，帮⼿
enlarge 使变⼤
cooperate 合作
rewrite 重写
subway 地铁
2.后缀
给单词加后缀也是英语构词的⼀种重要⽅法。后缀通常会改变单词的词性，构成意义相近的其他词性；少数后缀还会改变词义，变为与原来词义相反的新词。下⾯仅作简单介绍。
(1)构成名词的后缀常⽤的有-ence，-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的⼈),-e (某地⼈)，-ess (雌性)，-ian (精通……的⼈)，-ist (专业⼈员)，-ment (性质；状态)，-ness (性质；状态)，-tion(动作；过程)等。例如：
李白长干行differ不同于→difference区别
write写→writer作家
China中国→Chine中国⼈
act表演→actress⼥演员
music⾳乐→musician⾳乐家
(2)构成动词的后缀常⽤的有-(e)n (多⽤于形容词之后)，-fy (使……化)，-ize (使……成为)。例如：
wide→widen加宽
beauty→beautify美化
户外活动英语九下化学pure→purify提纯
real→realize意识到
organ→organize组织
sharp→sharpen使变锋利
(3)构成形容词的后缀常⽤的有-al，-able (有能⼒的)，-(a)n(某国⼈的)，-en (多⽤于表⽰材料的名词后)，-ern (⽅向的)，-e(某国⼈的)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less (表⽰否定)，-like (像……的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y (表⽰天⽓)等。例如：
nature⾃然→natural⾃然的
reason道理→reasonable有道理的
America美国→American美国的
China中国→Chine中国⼈的
gold⾦⼦→golden⾦的
east东→eastern东⽅的
child孩⼦→childish孩⼦⽓的
snow雪→snowy雪的
(4)构成副词的常⽤后缀有-ly (主要⽤于形容词之后表⽰⽅式或程度)，-ward(s) (主要⽤于表⽰⽅位的词之后表⽰⽅向)。例如：
angry⽣⽓的→angrily⽣⽓地
to到→towards朝……，向……
east东⽅→eastward向东
(5)构成数词的后缀有-teen (⼗⼏)，-ty (⼏⼗)，-th (构成序数词)。例如：
six六→sixteen⼗六→sixteenth第⼗六
four四→forty四⼗→fortieth第四⼗
英语构词法中把两个单词连在⼀起合成⼀个新词，前⼀个词修饰或限定后⼀个词，这样的⽅法就是合成法。
1.合成名词
名词＋名词weekend周末
名词＋动词daybreak黎明
名词＋动名词handwriting书法
名词＋及物动词＋er／or pain-killer⽌痛药
名词＋介词＋名词sister-in-law嫂⼦
代词＋名词she-wolf母狼
动词＋名词typewriter打字机
动名词＋名词reading-room阅览室
现在分词＋名词flying-fish飞鱼
形容词＋名词freshman⼤⼀新⽣
副词＋动词outlook景⾊，风光
介词＋名词afterbrain后脑
眼镜店利润2.合成形容词
名词＋形容词bloodred⾎红的
名词＋现在分词French-speaking讲法语的
名词＋to＋名词one-to-one⼀对⼀的
名词＋过去分词man-made⼈造的
数词＋名词one-way单⾏道的
数词＋名词＋形容词three-year-old三岁的
数词＋名词＋ed ten-storeyed⼗层的
动词＋副词one-off ⼀次性的
形容词＋名词high-quality⾼质量的
形容词＋名词＋ed noble-minded⾼尚的
形容词＋形容词light-green浅绿⾊的
形容词＋现在分词ordinary-looking相貌⼀般的
副词＋形容词ever-green常青的
副词＋现在分词hard-working⾟勤的
副词＋过去分词well-known著名的
副词＋名词fast-food专门提供快餐服务的
介词＋名词indoor室内的
3.合成动词
名词＋动词sleep-walk梦游
形容词＋动词white-wash粉刷
副词＋动词overwhelm压倒，制服
4.合成副词
形容词＋名词hotfoot匆忙地
形容词＋副词everywhere到处
副词＋副词however尽管如此
介词＋名词beforehand事先
介词＋副词forever永远
5.合成代词
代词宾格＋lf herlf 她⾃⼰
物主代词＋lf mylf 我⾃⼰
形容词＋名词anything ⼀切
6.合成介词
副词＋名词outside在……外⾯三月美文
有趣文案介词＋副词within在……之内
副词＋介词into进⼊
英语构词法中把⼀种词性⽤作另⼀种词性⽽词形不变的⽅法叫作转化法，有的名词可以作动词，有的形容词可以作副词或动词。
1.动词转化为名词
1）意思没有变化，例如：I think we'd better finish the talk now.我想我们的谈话最好现在结束。
2）意思有⼀定变化，例如：He is a man of strong build.他是⼀个体格健壮的汉⼦。
3）构成短语，例如：Let's have a look first. 我们先看⼀下吧。
2.名词转化为动词
1）表⽰物体的，如：Have you booked the ticket?你订好票了吗?
2）表⽰⾝体部位的，如：Hand in your papers plea.请把你们的试卷交上来。
3）表⽰⼀类⼈的，如：She nurd her husband back to health.她看护丈夫，使他恢复了健康。
4）抽象名词，如：We breakfasted together.我们在⼀起吃了早餐。
3.形容词转化为动词
少数形容词可以转化为动词。例如：We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽⼒改善我们的⽣活状况。
4.副词转化为动词
有少数副词可以转化为动词。例如：Murder will out.恶事终必将败露。
5.形容词转化为名词
1）表⽰颜⾊的形容词常可转化为名词，如：
The girl in black appears very beautiful.那个穿⿊⾐服的⼥孩⼦看上去⾮常漂亮。
2）⼀些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连⽤，表⽰⼀类⼈，作主语时，谓语⽤复数，如：
We don't belong to the rich, but we dong't belong to the poor either. 我们不是有钱⼈，但我们也不是穷⼈。
四、【截短法(缩略法)】
将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变的英语构词法称为截短法，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。
1.截头
telephone→phone
airplane→plane
2.去尾
mathematics→maths
examination→exam
kilogram→kilo
laboratory→lab
taxicab→taxi
3.截头去尾
influenza→flu
refrigerator→fridge
prescription→script
五、【混合法(混成法)】
英语构词还可以将两个词混合或各取⼀部分紧缩⽽成⼀个新词，前半部分表属性，后半部分表主体。这样的英语构词法就是混合法。
news broadcast→newscast新闻⼴播
television broadcast→telecast电视播送
smoke and fog→smog烟雾
photo and graphy→photography摄影，摄影术
helicopter airport→heliport直升飞机场
六、【⾸尾字母缩略法】
⽤单词⾸尾字母组成⼀个新词的英语构词法叫做⾸尾字母缩略法。这种形式的英语构词⽣成的新词，读⾳主要有两种形式，即各字母分别读⾳；作为⼀个单词读⾳。
Testing of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL托福
Teach English as a Foreign Language→TEFL
Teach English as a Second Language→TESL
Graduate Record Examination→GRE美国研究⽣⼊学考试
Word Formation
1．Affixation
Affixation is the process of forming words by adding derivational affixes to stems. It is also called derivation. Words formed in this way are derivatives.
1) Prefixation
Prefixation is a way of forming new words by adding prefixes to stems. Usually, prefixes do not change the part of speech of a word. Their chief function is to modify its meaning, although there are exceptions. Prefixes can be divided, bad on their meanings, into: negative prefixes, reversative prefixes, pejorative prefixes, prefixes of degree or size, locative prefixes, prefixes of time and order, number prefixes and miscelaneous prefixes.
2)Suffixation
Suffixation is the process of forming new words by adding suffixes to the end of stems. The chief role of a suffix is not to modify the meaning of a stem, rather to change the grammatical function of a stem, though there are a few exceptions. Suffixes can be divided into noun suffixes, adjective suffixes, adverb suffixes and verb suffixes.
2．Compounding
1) Definition
Compounding is a process of word formation by which two or more stems are put together to make one word. The word formed in this way is called a compound
2) Characteristics of compounds
(1)Phonetic feature
The word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element, while in a free phra, the cond element is usually stresd. If a compound has two stress, it is the first element that receives the primary stress.
(2)Semantic feature
The meaning of a compound is a mantic unity, which,usually, is not the total sum of all the meanings of the constituent words in a compound.
(3) Grammatical feature
A compound usually plays a single grammatical role in a ntence.
3．Conversion
1) Definition
Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one part of speech to the words of another part of speech, without changes in morphological structures. Words created are new only in a grammatical n.
2)Types of conversion
(1)Conversion to Nouns
a.verb to noun
b.adjective to noun
c. miscellaneous conversion
(2)Conversion to Verbs
a. noun to verb
b. adjective to verb
c. miscellaneous conversion
3)Semantic features of conversion
清蒸鲈鱼简单做法
1)Verb to noun
The new words obtained through conversion are usually related to the original words in the following ways:
(1)state of mind or nsation
(2)event or activity
大白菜炖粉条(3)result of the action
(4)doer of the action
(5)tool or instrument to do the action with
(6)place of the action
2)Noun to verb
(1)to put in or on N
(2)to give N or to provide with N
(3)to remove N from
(4)to do with N
(5)to be or act as n
(6)to make or change into N
(7)to nd or go by N
4．Blending
1) Definition
Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word
2)Categories of Blending
(1)the first part of the first word + the last part of the cond word: botel: boat + hotel 汽艇游客旅馆
(2) the whole part of the first word + last part of the cond word: lunarnaut: lunar + astronaut 登⽉宇航员
(3)the whole form of the cond word + the first part of the first word: Eurasian: Europe + Asian 欧亚混⾎⼉
(4)the first part of the first word + the first part of the cond word: sitcom: situation + comedy 情景喜剧
5．Clipping
1) Definition
Clipping is to shorten a long word by cutting a part off the original and u what has remained as a word.
2) Types of Clipping
(1)Front clipping: "phone" from telephone
(2)Back clipping: "ad" from advertiment
(3)Front and back clipping: "flu" from influenza
(4)Phra clipping: "pub" from public hou
6．Acronymy
1) Definition
Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of phras.
2)Types of Acronymy
(1)Initialisms
Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter: from Voice of America
(2)Acronyms
Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word.
7．Backformation
Back-formation is the opposite process of suffixation. It is the process of making a new word by dropping the suppod suffix: e.g. "burgle" from burglar.
8． New Words from Proper Names
1) Names of people
2)Names of places
3)Names of books
4)Tradenames
When proper nouns are commonized, many of them have lost their original identity;the initial letter many not be capitalized. They can be combined with other morphemes to form words of other word class. The commonized proper nouns are rich in cultural associations. They are stylistically vivid, expressive and thought-provoking.
