Chapter 4 Morphology
What is morphology?
The total number of words stored in the brain is called the lexicon.
Words are the smallest free units of language that unite sounds with meaning.
Morphology is defined as the study of the internal structure and the formation of words.
Morphemes and allomorphs
The smallest meaningful unit of language is called a morpheme.
A morpheme may be reprented by different forms, called allomorphs.产品网络营销外包方案
“zero” form of a morpheme and suppletives
Some countable nouns do not change form to express plurality. Similarly, some regular verbs do not change form to indicate past ten. In the two cas, the noun or verb conta
混合痔图片ins two morphemes, among which there is one “zero form” of a morpheme.
Some verbs have irregular changes when they are in past ten. In this ca, the verbs also have two morphemes. Words which are not related in form to indicate grammatical contrast with their roots are called suppletives.
Free and bound morphemes世纪英语
Some morphemes constitute words by themlves. The morphemes are called free morphemes.
Other morphemes are never ud independently in speech and writing. They are always attached to free morphemes to form new words. The morphemes are called bound morphemes.
The distinction between a free morphemes and a bound morpheme is whether it can be ud independently in speech or writing.
Free morphemes are the roots of words, while bound morphemes are the affixes (prefixes and suffixes).
Inflexional and derivational morphemes
Inflexional morphemes in modern English indicate ca and number of nouns, ten and aspect of verbs, and degree of adjectives and adverbs.
Derivational morphemes are bound morphemes added to existing forms to construct new words.
English affixes are divided into prefixes and suffixes.
希腊罗马神话>微风乍起 Some languages have infixes, bound morphemes which are inrted into other morphemes.
The process of putting affixes to existing forms to create new words is called derivation. Words thus formed are called derivatives.
Conclusion: classification of morphemes
Morphemes
Free morphemes
Bound morphemes
写给女朋友的一封信 Inflexional
Derivational: affixes
Prefixes: -s, -’s, -er, -est, -ing, -ed, -s
Suffixes
晋商文化 Formation of new words
Derivation
Derivation forms a word by adding an affix to a free morpheme.
Since derivation can apply more than once, it is possible to create a derived word with a number of affixes. For example, if we add affixes to the word friend, we can form befriend, friendly, unfriendly, friendliness, unfriendliness, etc. This process of adding more than one affix to a free morpheme is termed complex derivation.
Derivation does not apply freely to any word of a given category. Generally speaking, affixes cannot be added to morphemes of a different language origin.
Derivation is also constrained by phonological factors.
Some English suffixes also change the word stress.
Compounding
Compounding is another common way to form words. It is the combination of free morphemes.
The majority of English compounds are the combination of words from the three class – nouns, verbs and adjectives – and fall into the three class.
In compounds, the rightmost morpheme determines the part of speech of the word.
The meaning of compounds is not always the sum of meaning of the components.
Conversion
Conversion is the process putting an existing word of one class into another class.
Conversion is usually found in words containing one morpheme.
Clipping
Clipping is a process that shortens a polysyllabic word by deleting one or more syllables.
Clipped words are initially ud in spoken English on informal occasions.
Some clipped words have become widely accepted, and are ud even in formal styles. For example, the words bus (omnibus), vet (veterinarian), gym (gymnasium), fridge (refrigerator) and fax (facsimile) are rarely ud in their complete form.
Blending
Blending is a process that creates new words by putting together non-morphemic parts of existing words. For example, smog (smoke + frog), brunch (a meal in the middle of morning, replacing both breakfast and lunch), motel (motor + hotel). There is also an interesting word in the textbook for junior middle school students – “plike” (a kind of machine that is like both a plane and a bike).
姿态的意思
