Grammar 语法
1、字母与国际音标
2、
1.字母有26个,元音有5个:a e i o u ,半元音有2个:w ,y ,其余是辅音19个。
Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz
半元音:[w] [j]
2.国际音标有48个,元音有20个,半元音有2个,浊辅音有15个,清辅音有11个。
元音:[ei] [ai] [i:] [i] [e] [ ] [a:] [✈] [✞:] [✞] [☯:] [☯] [ :] [ ] [ ♓] [☜✞][♋✞] [♓☜] [☪☜] [✞☜]
浊辅音:[b] [m] [d] [n] [l] [♑] [♎✞] [✞] [❒][z] [dz] [❆] [dr] [ ] [☠]
清辅音:[p] [f] [t] [k] [h] [t☞] [☞][ts] [s ] [θ] [tr]
3.开音节: late the bike ro u
[ei] [i:] [ai] [☯u] [ju:]
开音节单词有很多种,其中有一种音节是:最后一个字母是e,e不发音,前面是一个辅音,辅音前面是一个元音,这个元音读字母本身音。
特殊的有:have live give some come
[] [i] [i] [✈] [✈]
4.闭音节:bad bed big dog bus
[] [e] [i] [ ] [✈]
闭音节单词有很多种,其中有一种闭音节是:最后一个字母是辅音,辅音前面是一个元音。元音a读[ ],e读[e] ,i读[i],o读[ ],u读[✈].特殊的有:put [u]
5. 数音节看音标:①一个元音是一个音节。②辅音+(l,m后面没有元音)n算一个音节.
如:pencil [′pensl ] 有2个音节.sleep [sli:p]有1个音节.
6.重音:语言像音乐一样优美,重音就像音乐中的音调:1 2 3 4 5 6 7 i
无重音次重音重音如:congratulation [k☜n gr✌tju′lei☞(☜)n] 祝贺 n.. 5个音节。
Revolutionary [ re ☜lu:☞(☜)n☜ri] 革命的 adj. 革命者n. 6个音节7.重读闭音节:①重音在最后一个音节上。②是闭音节。
如:begin [bi gin] 是重读闭音节开始 v ; listen [ lisn] 不是重读闭音节听 v. 3、名4、词
1. 可数名
2. 词
带有想字的成语①注意:在可数名词单数的前面必须加冠词,物主代词或one(`s).
②复数+s, ly结尾-lies, f(e)结尾-ves,
③以s, x, sh, ch [t],o有生命的(potato, tomato, hero, Negro)结尾的+es
④foot-feet,(wo)man-(wo)men, child-children ox-oxen
⑤单复数相同:people人,sheep 绵羊,deer鹿,Chine中国人,Japane日本人,fish或
fishes鱼。
⑥只有复数:colthes,trours,glass,cattle
⑦根据词意来决定单、复数:class班(单数),同学们(复数);team队(单数),
队员(复数);group 组(单数),组员(复数);family 家(单数),家人(复数); police 警察局(单数),警察(复数)。
⑧变复数后的读音:最后一个字母的发音是清辅音+s读[s],元音或浊辅音+s读[z],-t(e)+s
读[ts],d(e)+s读[dz],orange+s读[iz],+es读[iz],除o+es 读[z]
3. 不
司马仲达4. 可数名
5. 词:前面不
6. 许+a,
7. 后面不
8. 许+s,
9. water, milk, bread, paper,
meat, tea, coffee, drink, orange(橙汁),10. news, ven cups of tea ,two
pieces of paper
11. 可数名12. 词与不13. 可数名14. 词可以互相转化。
waters 各种水,by bus 乘公共汽车, go to school/hospital 去上学/去医院看病,
go to the school /the hospital 去学校/去医院, go to bed 去睡觉,go to the bed
去上床, at school 在学校上学,at he school 在学校, at table 饭桌上,at the table
在桌旁, in hospital 住院,in the hospital 在医院, in bed 躺着,in the bed 在
床上。
5、代词
1. 单one 复
2. ones代人或者代物。
3. 人称代词:
主格: I you he she it we you they
宾格: me you him her it us you them
形容词性物主代词:my your his her its our your their
名词性物主代词: mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs
反身代词: mylf yourlf himlf herlf itlf ourlves yourlves themlves onelf 亲自 by onelf 靠自己
He did it himlf .同位语。 He did it by himlf . 方式状语
4. 不
5. 定代词:
肯定: something sth、somebody --sb、some one
疑问、否:anything、anybody、anyone、everyone +adj
everything、everybody、nothing、nobody
no one、(none of)
4.代词 a few 肯定,few基本否定可数a little肯定, little 基本否定不可数
adj: a few(few) books, a little(little) milk, a little girl,一个小女孩, a little cat (pencil)一只小猫(铅笔)
pron: the other 范围内、another范围外
(单数)the other 范围内、others范围外(复数)
adj ( the 特指 ) another boy, (the)特指 other boys
形容词 other 修饰名词只放名词前面。el 修饰名词只放名词后面。所以something el 其于的一些东西。
词组:单数one… the other…复数(some…)some…others…
5.人称:第一人称:I,we 第二人称:you 其余都是第三人称,如果是一个就是三单。
(注意:一般现在时,主语是三单时谓语动词+s,情态动词除外。)
6、数词:
1、基数词:one + n, two, three,…+n+s
8 2 6,3 0 7,4 1 5,9 2 8
eight hundred(and)twenty six billion three hundred (and) ven million four hundred (and) fifteen thousand nine hundred and twenty eight. hundreds of,thousands and thousands of
2、序数词:基数词+ th .特殊:the first , the (a) cond, the (a) third , the fifth ,
the eighth , the ninth , the twelfth , the twentieth (thirtieth ,
fortieth…)+n.
3、分数:⅓ one third, 7⅛ ven and one eighths
4、小数:35.27908 thirty five point two ven nine 0 (zero) eight
5、百分数:80% eighty per cent(percent)
6、时间表示法:6:05 five past six, 8:30 half past eight ,10:45 a quarter to
eleven ,12:58 two to one /thirteen ( o❼clock )在8点at eight ,on 天,
in比天大,on May 6 (th), 1998, in June, in 2002, in the week (century) 7、Lsson One = the first lesson 第一课Room Six = the sixth room 6号房间
We live at No. 86. 我们住在86号,No.30 Middle School = the thirtieth middle school 三十中 on Page 19 = on the nineteenth page
8、词组: morning noon morning
in the afternoon at on the of January l ( st ) ,
evening night night
on a cold evening(night)
9、 + plus (and) Four plus one equals (is) five . 4+1=5
- minus Nine minus ven is (equals) two . 9 -7=2
time (multiply) Five times six is (are) thirty .65=30
divide(Divide ven by two) Divide two into ven and you get three and a half.
用二除七得三又二分之一。15 divided 3 is 5 . 15*3=5
五、冠词:
1、不定冠词:a 后面单词开头的发音不是元音。an后面单词开头的发音是元音。
阮玲玉遗书
2、定冠词:the这(些),那(些),与不定冠词的区别:①特指②第二次(以上)提到。
3、a desk,uful book,(u ,t , w), an apple (hour、uncle、l、m、n、f)
4、the sun(earth , moon ,star) , the piano ,
5、在人名、国名、地名、三餐、球类、日期、节日和称呼前什么都不加。
如:Green(格林一家the Greens),China ,Beijing ,have lunch ,play football ,on Sunday ,in September ,National Day,New Year
6、表示一类人;the poor 穷人 , the rich 富人
7、在序数词和最高级前面常加the
六、介词:
1、静: over above
前before on/at the top of
(at)in front of on(side) on the right/left
(at)in the front of
behind out side
in (side) by ,beside, near, far away from at the back of
at the end of
beneath below
under at the bottom of
新手学化妆around 、 about (in the end=at last)
2、动: up over会议简报格式
across onto to the right/left
forward(s)/backward(s) out of
to into by、past
through round、about
toward(s) down
3、其它:with He with me goes to ….for ①为了②表一段时间in①…里②表
示一段时间之后(内)如:①How long have you written the article ? I❼ve written the article for two hours .②How soon will you write the article ? I ll write
it in an hour .without , during,in the middle of ,between , among,(whole, both,
all, )
4、区别:
①in里,on上,The apples are on the tree . The bird is in the tree .
②in表大地儿,at 表小地儿,in Shanghai ,at the bus stop
③旁边by表近,挨着,beside 稍远,不挨着,正当位置应用at ,at the door ,at table
④like 像as 作为(作连词是像)
⑤walk along(沿着) walk up/down上、高、大、北/下、低、小、南
⑥表具体with(a pen);表材料、方式in(ink, English),表靠by(bus ,him)
⑦表时间at 几点, on 天, in比天大
⑧on(somebody)身上 with(somebody)随身
⑨(be)for赞同、(be)against反对、靠着
⑩besides包括、except不包括、except for+词组、except that+句子
七、形容词与副词
something somebody someone
1. adj.+n.如何叠纸船
anything anybody someone
+adj.
everything everybody everyone
nothing nobody no one
2.V.
vi. adj.
vt. (+n). + adv.; adv. + adv. + enough to do
3.系 be + 表(是)adj.…
表(在):adv. here,(over) there, back, upstairs, downstairs
4.级别:①原级比较级than 最高级 of(all)/in
一个音节:fat fatter the fattest
三个(上)音节:beautiful more~ the most~
二个音节:adj. 以辅音 +y, ow, le, er,结尾+er / est其它都在前面+more/(the)most形容词最高级前面必须加the,副词最高级可以加the也可以不加。即:是adj.又是adv.按adj.变。Friendlier=more friendly
Clever比别人,more clever 比自己,表颜色,材料等只有原级:red , green , wool (oil)…
②特殊:good/well better (the) best bad(ly)/ill wor (the) worst
many/much more (the)most, little less (the) least
far farther (the) farthest 具体far further (the) furthest 抽象
③词组:the better of the two …,more and more越来越,the more…the more…越…
越…,one of the most(adj.) n.s最…之一
④修饰比较级的词有much、a little、abit、even、far
八、动词v.及物动词vt.不及物动词vi.
第一类:1.be动词2.情态动词3.助动词
am was 是:+n +adj.
1. be is was 在:+(介短)prep. +adv;(over)there、back、up/downstairs
are were There is/are+(主语)subject 某处有某人或某物。如果有主语有应
该用have/has In the school there is a playground. The school has a playground.
2. 情态动词:Can may must need dare could might must needed dared;
need与dare即是情态动词又是行为动词。+do/to do
can与be able to 的区别:
1 be able to有各种时态
2 can强调客观;be able to 强调主观。
特种设备台账
must与have to的区别:
①have to有各种时态
②must强调主观,have to强调客观.
Will/would:①现在/过去的意原;②现在/过去的习惯③Will/Would you…?
Would更客气、委婉。
Shall用第一、三人称的请求,争求意见。用第二,三人称表示命令,威胁。一种时态。
Should应该,一种时态,用于各人称。情态动词+do,但ought to do;强:must中:ought to
弱:should;must和ought有过去时与现在时形式相同。表猜测:肯定:must、可能:may 、might
(更加不肯定),一个时态。疑问与否定:can、can′t词组:had better(not)do, would like(not)
to do;
3.助动词:will, would, shall, should, be(am、is、are、was、were)have, has, had, do,
does, did与动词合用。
第一类动词的共同特点是:
1变疑问句时把它们提到主语前面叫倒装(who、what作主语除外)
2②变否定句时在它们的后面加not。Will not=won❼t, shall not=shan❼t 第二类动词: 1.系动词 2.行为动词
1、系动词:除了be动词以外,还有become、em、appear、feel、keep、remain、continue、
prove、come、go、get变,turn转变,grow长,look, sound, taste, smell也是系动词,后面
加形容词或名词。
归来的意思
如:The tree grew green.
In the cold winter, the water becomes ice.
2、行为动词:除了以上所提的动词以外都是行为动词。
第二类动词变疑问句时不能提前,变否定句时不能在动词后面加not而是加助动词。
如:Do you know? I don❼t know.
Ⅰ、动词的时态:一共有16种时态,常用的时态有12种,最常用的时态有8种,我们掌握10个时
态就够用了。
1、一般现在时:表示每天、经常、反复、习惯性的动作。句子的构成是:主语+谓语动词。一
定要注意,主语是三单时谓语动词要+S(情态动词除外)。