海藻是什么2021年托福阅读真题第22篇The Columbia… The Columbian Exchange
When Christopher Columbus and his men became the first Europeans to arrive in the Americas in 1492, they t in motion a process of cultural, economic, and environmental exchange that had profound effects for the whole world. For the "old," Afro-Eurasian world, an important transformation included the addition of valuable new food items into the diets of people in such widely parated regions as Ireland, China, and sub-Saharan- Africa.For the"new,"American world, the most significant transformation involved the deadly effects of Afro-Eurasian dias among its peoples, which in turn helped pave the way for imperial conquest by Europeans. After two centuries of what is now known as the Columbian Exchange, both Old and New Worlds were transformed. About 12,000 years ago, the land bridge linking the Americas with Afro-Eurasia across the Bering Strait disappeared as a result of rising a levels. As a result, the peoples of the Americas were almost completely parated from Old World peoples until the Spaniards arrived in 1492. In other words, for twelve millennia the people as well as the plants and animals of the Americas developed in isolation from Afro-Eurasia according to the specific environmental conditions of the Americas. Some human developments were similar: for example, agriculture and writing developed in the Americas just as they had done in Afro-Eurasia, as did the birth of hierarchical societies and patriarchies (societies headed by the eldest male. In other ways, however, developments in the Americas
混凝土凝结时间followed a different cour from tho of the Old World. For example, plant species such as corn, potatoes, and tobacco were unique to the Americas, and thus American peoples had a different t of choices regarding possible domesticated crops. Just as importantly, not long after humans arrived in the Americas, all of the large mammals that existed there became extinct. As a result, when humans in the Americas began to turn to ttled agriculture, they did not have the choice to domesticate large mammals such as cattle or hors. Becau of this, American societies did not develop innovations like the wheel, which proved unnecessary without large animals to pull carts or push plows. Furthermore, other animals familiar across much of Afro-Eurasia-including sheep, pigs, chickens, and goats-were nonexistent in the Americas. In fact, the only animals that could be domesticated available to American peoples were the dog, the turkey (in North America), the llama/alpaca and guinea pig(in the Andes region of South America), and the Muscovy duck(in the South American tropics).
The abnce of animals that could be domesticated is critical becau in the Old World the domestication of animals such as sheep, chickens, goats, and cattle contributed greatly to the development of rious dias such as influenza, smallpox, measles, and pertussis. In fact, many of the rious dias resulted from microbes that were first prent in herds of domesticated ani
mals and then made the jump from their animal hosts to human hosts. The jump was made much easier becau early Afro-Eurasian communities that relied on domesticated animals for food and labor tended to live in clo proximity to their herds- even keeping them inside their hous for protection or warmth. Over time, a number of the microbial jumps occurred between domesticated animals and
humans. In addition, becau of the land connections across much of Afro-Eurasian , the dias were able to spread to many Old World populations While the dias continued to be rious for the peoples of Afro-Eurasia, the human populations that survived them over the generations tended to pass on an acquired partial immunity to their
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清游Without many animals that could be domesticated and living in enforced paration from Old World peoples, the people of the Americas remained freer from the type of contagious dias that so often plagued the Old World. Some contagious dias did exist, to be sure, and included dyntery, pneumonia, and possibly syphilis. But the“crowd”dias of the Old World that flourished in crowds of large, centralized populations of humans did not exist, which meant that American peopl
es—when expod to them—had no immunity whatsoever. Therefore, when Europeans carrying the dias inadvertently spread them among American peoples, sickness spread rapidly, resulting in many deaths.
1.When Christopher Columbus and his men became the first Europeans to arrive in the Americas in 1492, they t in motion a process of cultural, economic, and environmental exchange that had profound effects for the whole world. For the "old," Afro-Eurasian world, an important transformation included the addition of valuable new food items into the diets of people in such widely parated regions as Ireland, China, and sub-Saharan- Africa.For the"new,"American world, the most significant transformation involved the deadly effects of Afro-Eurasian dias among its peoples, which in turn helped pave the way for imperial conquest by Europeans. After two centuries of what is now known as the Columbian Exchange, both Old and New Worlds were transformed.
激流三部曲2.About 12,000 years ago, the land bridge linking the Americas with Afro-Eurasia across the Bering Strait disappeared as a result of rising a levels. As a result, the peoples of the Americas were almost completely parated from Old World peoples until the Spaniards arrived in 1492. In other words, for twelve millennia the people as well as the plants and animals of the Americas developed in isolation from Afro-Eurasia according to the specific environmental conditions of the Americas. So
曾仕强中国式管理me human developments were similar: for example, agriculture and writing developed in the Americas just as they had done in Afro-Eurasia, as did the birth of hierarchical societies and patriarchies (societies headed by the eldest male. In other ways, however, developments in the Americas followed a different cour from tho of the Old World. For example, plant species such as corn, potatoes, and tobacco were unique to the Americas, and thus American peoples had a different t of choices regarding possible domesticated crops. Just as importantly, not long after humans arrived in the Americas, all of the large mammals that existed there became extinct. As a result, when humans in the Americas began to turn to ttled agriculture, they did not have the choice to domesticate large mammals such as cattle or hors. Becau of this, American societies did not develop innovations like the wheel, which proved unnecessary without large animals to pull carts or push plows. Furthermore, other animals familiar across much of Afro-Eurasia-including sheep, pigs, chickens, and goats-were nonexistent in the Americas. In fact, the only animals that could be domesticated available to American peoples were the dog, the turkey (in North America), the llama/alpaca and guinea pig(in the Andes region of South America), and the Muscovy duck(in the South American tropics).
3.Some human developments were similar: for example, agriculture and writing developed in the Americas just as they had done in Afro-Eurasia, as did the birth of hierarchical societies and patriarchies (societies headed by the eldest male. In other ways, however, developments in the Ame
ricas followed a different cour from tho of the Old World. For example, plant species such as corn, potatoes, and tobacco were unique to the Americas, and thus American peoples had a different t of choices regarding possible domesticated crops. Just as importantly, not long after humans arrived in the Americas, all of the large mammals that existed there became extinct. As a result, when humans in the Americas began to turn to ttled agriculture, they did not have the choice to domesticate large mammals such as cattle or hors. Becau of this, American societies did not develop innovations like the wheel, which proved unnecessary without large animals to pull carts or push plows. Furthermore, other animals familiar across much of Afro-Eurasia-including sheep, pigs, chickens, and goats-were nonexistent in the Americas. In fact, the only animals that could be domesticated available to American peoples were the dog, the turkey (in North America), the llama/alpaca and guinea pig(in the Andes region of South America), and the Muscovy duck(in the South American tropics).
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