语言学概论考试复习要点
(2009-12-28)
1. Definition of language
Language is a system of arbitrary(随意的) vocal symbols ud for human communication.
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2. Design features(辨别特征)
Arbitrariness (随意性) and non-arbitrariness:
productivity（创造性）
duality(二重性)：
displacement(移位性幼儿唐诗三百首)
genetic-cultural transmission.
discreteness of language(分离性, 离散性)：.
3. microlinguistics and macrolinguistics
microlinguistics: is concerned with the study of language or languages per , not concern other field of study such as sociology, psychology, literature, computer science, etc.
Macrolinguistics:is concerned with the study of language which involves other discipline (interdisciplinary) sociolinguistics: Psycholinguistics: Applied linguistics:
4 langue and parole(语言和言语) 由Swiss linguist F. de Saussure 提出的
Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.(conventions and rules; abstract; relatively stable;)
Parole refers to the realization of a langue in actual u.(the concrete u of the conventions and rules; concrete, refers to the naturally occurring language events; varies from person to person, situation to situation)
区别的目的：parole is simple a mass of linguistic facts, too varied and confusing for systematic investigation and what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole(发现规律)。
虫儿飞尤克里里谱Descriptive vs prescriptive
5. competence and performance(能力和运用)：
American linguist A. Chomsky propod in the late 1950s.
Competence: the ideal ur’s knowledge of the rules of his language
唇釉怎么涂Performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
犯错误的原因是：though internalid, but with social and psychological factors such as stress, anxiety and embarrassment. .
Synchronic Linguistics vs. Diachronic Linguistics
6. Definition of morphology and morphemes
Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.（simplify, identify, beautify）
Definition of Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit of language (boyish, boy---young, male human being; ish---having the quality of…)
Free vs bound
7. syntax
Syntax: it is a central part of grammar, which studies how to combine words to form ntences in a language.
猪肝汤怎么做好吃8. The linear and hierarchical structures of ntences
(1) The quential order of words in a ntence suggests that the structure of a ntence is linear. Change the order, the meaning will be changed or may lead to no ntence.
The hierarchical structure of a ntence
The superficial arrangement of words in a linear quence does not mean that ntences are simply linearly-structured, adding one word onto another, following a simple arithmetic logic. 但是，intuitively, English speakers divide the ntences in the way that obviously follows a particular hierarchical order.
For example, The company// wanted a// new advertising campaign. (this division is rediculous). Instead, we divide it into meaningful gments such as
The meaningful gments are called constituents (组成成分)。And the smaller constituents can group together to form a bigger constituents. And the biggest is the ntence. So the constituent structure is hierarchical.
9. Deep structure and surface structure水果店营销
Deep structure: the abstract syntactic reprentation of a ntence. It is believed that phra structure rules, with the inrtion of the lexicon, generate ntences at the level of
deep structure.
Surface structure: the directly obrvable syntactic form of the ntence. The application of transformational rules transforms a ntence from the level of deep structure to that of surface structure.
遇见大咖刘强东Phra structure rule + the lexicon
Deep structure (prent the meaning)
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Surface Structure
For example: The boy ate the cake. The cake was eaten by the boy. ( the two are all surface structure). The same deep structure is: The boy eat the cake.
What we utter and write is the surface structure, not deep structure, which shows the grammatical relationship among ba components (phras) or the internal relation of a ntence. This relationship cannot be detected from the linear structure of the ntence.
院团委 For example: The newspaper was not delivered today. 其深层结构是：
10. Universal Grammar
A theory which claims to account for the grammatical competence of every adult no matter what language he or she speaks. It claims that every speaker knows a t of principles (原理)which apply to all languages and also a t of
