A Comparison of Health Problems of Developing Countries and Developed Countries
Development status of medical healthcare industry of developed countries:
America’s medical care industry is highly concentrated. America is the largest medical investor, the growth of medical costs has exceeded the growth of GDP over the year and covers more than 20% of GDP now. In recent years, a great many large medical cluster have emerged in America such as Texas Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, all are equipped with more than 10 general hospitals and education and rearch centers. Huge medical market and relatively perfect hospitals constitute many large hospital enterpri groups, such as Hospital Corporation of America, which is the world largest private health rvice operator. HCA has about 200 hospitals and healthcare institutions in 12 states of America and Europe and more than 168,000 employees. With a wide coverage of free medical rvices, public hospitals cover 87.6% and private hospitals 4.6% in Canada, the rest are hospitals of the federal government. Tax revenues paid by citizens are allocated to hospitals, hospitals apply for an annual budget as per community situations, purcha equipment and hygienic materials, and distribute paychecks to employ
ees excluding doctors. Doctors’ pay is covered by the government as per the patient bills. In addition to expens for outpatient rvice and medicine, hospitalization expens, meal fee and medical fee are free of charge. Wide coverage, convenience and operability of free medical rvice make Canadian medical care systems most popular in western countries. Swiss’s medical healthcare industry combines multiple ownerships and multi-level medical organizations. In recent years, Swiss medial healthcare rvice industry has boomed, surpasd the scale of traditional horologe manufacturing industry and contributed to about 30% of GDP. Medical healthcare industry has become a strong power spurring Swiss’s economic growth which mainly features multiple ownership medical institutions and multi-level medical organizations. Swiss’s medical institutions mainly contain hospitals and private clinics. The government adopts government regulations parate from management for public hospitals and appropriates hospital funds through the hospital union. Healthcare supporting rvice establishes a pattern of diversified investment. About 25% of the aged choo demonstrative institutions for old-age care with sponsorship of the government and profit-eking or non-profit institutions f
or old-age care with the investments of enterpris, social organizations and individuals such as old people’s home, nursing home and hospice care institution. The former aims to solve supporting issues of childless old people under the charge of the government. With developed endowment industry, Japan is the country with the highest aging rate and the fastest aging speed. Three supporting patterns such as family supporting, hosing supporting and institution supporting are established in the long-term practice of coping with aging, where, institution supporting can be divided into special nursing home, nursing home and low-cost nursing home according to different types of the aged and demands. Japan’s endowment industry, called elderly's welfare industry, aging industry or silver industry etc, is a general term of folk profit-making activities aimed at satisfying high-level life and culture needs and providing the aged with commodities and rvices, it mainly consists of real estate, finance, houkeeping rvice, articles for u, instrument, culture and life rvices and other industries. With huge investments in the development of health industry, the Japane government pays clo attention to health industry, meanwhile, commercial enterpris are prevented to ek excessive profits and thus low
er the rvice quality. Korea’s health industry expands rapidly. In recent years, the Korean government has regarded health industry as a new growth power of the information technology era, established the target to enable Korea to be the world No.7 healthcare power in 2020, accelerated to build top medical industrial districts, constructed core facilities such as new medicine development and supporting center, top medical facility development center and new medicine clinical experiment production center, and strived to enable Korea to be a genuine “international medical rvice hub” before 2020.
In order to study differences between developing countries and developed countries, we carry out analysis and comparison in the perspective of health education.
Comparison of health education of China and developed countries:
纯音乐钢琴曲1 Physical health education mode
1.1 Teaching mode
Cours such as physical education, health and life safety are opened in China and devel
oped countries with the view to teach students to learn or make progress in enhancement of physical fitness, improvement of physical quality, acquisition of health knowledge and skills, establishment of healthy life idea and formation of healthy lifestyle. The fierce debate on name of physical education (and health) and “parate t mode” or “integrated t mode” of physical education curriculum and health curriculum arising from the Chine 8th cour reform is becau knowledge of physical education is cloly related to that of health, however, education institutions don’t t up health curriculum independently but adopt the integrated t mode of physical education (and health) so as to implement physical health education, which covers not only physical education (and health) but also ideology and morality, social science, science and biology. The jurisdiction right of American education belongs to states with uniform t modes of physical education and health, where, 10 states such as New Jery and New York t up the integrated curriculum of physical education and health education, while other 32 states such as Utah, Hawaii and Lodhran t up two cours parately. Western countries such as Germany and English adopt the parate t mode. Besides, health ed
ucation is also t in Germany, and Personal, Social and Health Education (PSHE) is parately t n England. Both Australia and Japan u the integrated t mode. Australia ts up health and physical education, while Japan healthcare sports. In conclusion, the physical health education mode adopted in China and developed countries is actual the product of the combined action of educational administration systems, sports culture education traditions and physical health education ideas.
1.2 Comparison
The comparison of the physical health education mode of China and developed countries showed, the main similarity of the t mode of China, Australia and Japan, the parate t mode and integrated t mode of America as well as the parate t mode of Germany and British focus on the consistency of physical education (and health) through parate t mode or integrated t mode stresd on student’s synthetically and intensifying the proportion of “physical education” bad on cour through parate t mode or integrated t mode. The difference focus on the integrated t mode of China, Australia and Japan, the parate t mode and integrated t mode of America,
and the parate t mode of Germany and British. Both similarities and differences are originated from different production modes and life styles as well as different cultural education tranditions of China and developed countries.
2. The management of physical health education
2.1 Management system
Just like many developed countries ( not including Germany and USA that implement the decentralized management in their states), China has built the three-level curriculum management system including the national curriculum standard, local curriculum standard and school teaching program. However, the subjects involved in the three-level curriculum system have been given different levels of authority. For example, 写一件事PE Teaching Syllabus, PE and Health Teaching Syllabus and PE and Health Curriculum Standard adopted by many Chine schools have gone through the delegation of authority, which is featured by the centralization, partially restrictive, standard provision and the instruction for three curriculums. The local government has owned the highest au
thority for the physical education and health cours. It also encourages the local schools to design the distinctive cours tailored to their actual condition. （Suzan F Ayers，Ｒay D Martinez，2007）木瓜有什么用The Department of Education and Skills in the UK has laid out the standard for national curriculums related to the health education and physical education. In cooperation with the National Ministry of Health, National Education Standard and Promotion Committee as well as the Qualification and Curriculum Quality Supervision Bureau, it has also engaged in the supervision, instruction and evaluation of the relevant curriculums. The health curriculum adopted by tho high schools in the UK is short for Personal, Social and Health Education (PSHE). It became a cour required by the national law in 2002. At prent, even more than 50 percent of tho high schools and elementary schools in the UK have t up the position of the coordinator for health education. Tho states and local authorities in Australia are jointly responsible for designing and managing the national curriculum standard for health education. For instance, the curriculum for health and physical education in New South Wales is short for Personal Development, Health and Physical Education (PDHPE). It is also the only pl
ace naming its curriculum for health and physical education in this way on a global scale. The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in Japan is in charge of designing the Learning Instruction who newest standard was completed during the third round of curriculum reform in 2008. The cour for physical fitness and education executed in the high school and elementary school is a typical example. Despite the great authority held by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, the government has already empowered tho schools to design their curriculums to a large extent. The authority for the education law, financial grant and administrative management in USA and Germany mainly reside in the states. For example, the Ministry of Education in USA is merely responsible for the policy rearch and educational consultation. In general, it will address the issue of health education and quality education in the whole country in accordance with educational bill. As to Germany, the authority for education will rest with the federal government and the state-level departments of culture and education. The joint conference attended by tho directors from the departments of culture and education will be held to deal with the relevant affairs
in tho states. Although the authority for the physical health education in USA and Germany merely resides in the educational authorities and schools of all levels, there has been also a well-developed social network devoted to the education of physical health. The social network in USA has involved the department of health and public rvices, physical quality and sports committee, health alliance, sports alliance, entertainment appliance, dancing alliance and national sports association. Moreover, the social network in Germany has involved the state-level ministry of education, national health education, national medical insurance company and sports department. Whether it is for the three-level curriculum management system adopted by China, UK, Australia and Japan or the state-level education management system in USA and Germany, all of the six countries have resorted to the constitution, basic laws and education law to ensure that all students studying in various educational agencies should be entitled to the right for the physical health education
2.2 Comparison
通宵的危害
According to the comparison between the management mode of physical health education between China and developed countries, the similarity in the physical health education in the six countries should be attributed to the provision of educational law aimed at safeguarding tho students’ right for physical health education. They have also tailored the education management mode to their own actual conditions. The dissimilarity lies in the difference in the political system and cultural system between China and tho developed countries. （邱晨辉，陈竹．2013横风）十大眼霜排名
3. The content of physical health education
3.1 Main content
On one hand, the physical health education and PE curriculum in China and tho developed countries have aimed to improve the physical function and quality, acquire the health-related knowledge as well as form the healthy lifestyle and concept. On the other hand, due to the difference in the education, culture, economy, cour tting and health management system, the content of physical heath education in tho countries have be
en different from each other. In 2011, the new edition of PE and Heath Curriculum Standard was revid and relead in China bad on the experimental draft of PE and Health Curriculum Standard in 2001. Besides the emphasis on the physical fitness and humanistic concern, it has also propod the concept of showing concern for life. On the basis of encouraging the healthy lifestyle, it has integrated various knowledge regarding health care, safety education and survival skills, which marks the progress of the PE and health education in China. The health and PE education in USA, Germany and UK has t a high value on the whole-person education. It can not only well equip the young citizens to prepare for the challenge in the adult life but also contribute to the economic growth, political progress, cultural prosperity and social stability. The American government has t up the Physical and Sports Presidential Committee merely out of the political needs. Germany has emphasized the campus environment and collective education. The UK has pursued the whole-person education in aid of the social development of tho students. The health and PE curriculum in Australia has covered the social, psychological, physical and spiritual health bad on the generally health-relat
ed concepts. It has also adhered to the principle of the development of tho students being supreme. What is more, the 8 modules, including the active lifestyle, dancing, game and sports, growth and development, gymnastics, interpersonal relationship, individual healthy choice and safe life, are included in the curriculum for health and PE curriculum. Since the Second World War, Japan has made three dramatic reforms in the health and PE curriculum. （赵丹妮，2007）In consideration of the problems such as the weakening physical quality and sports ability of tho Japane students, the Learning Instruction Outline for Health and PE Curriculum was revid for the venth time in 2008. The cours for the health and PE teaching are prolonged. With the necessity of survival skills emphasized, marital arts (such as judo) and dancing (such as national dancing) have been included in the required cours in honor of the traditional culture .
遗传漂变
3.2 Comparison
寒燕儿According to the comparison of the content of PE education between China and develope
d countries (China, USA, Germany and UK for whole-person education, Australian concept centered on the development of tho students and Japan’s respect for the traditional culture), the similarity lies in the acquisition of the health-related knowledge and skills as well as the healthy lifestyle. All of them have adhered to the principle of pursuing the physical and mental health of tho students bad on the health care, safety education and survival skills. The dissimilarity lies in whether the content of PE education leans toward the healthy knowledge and skills or the healthy lifestyle. At a deeper level, it should be attributed to the difference in the philosophy, ideology and educational theory between China and developed countries. （赵丹妮，2007）
