Chapter 4
Syntactic relations
Syntactic relations refer to the ways in which words, word groups or phras form ntences.
Relation of substitutability refers to word class (相同词类）or ts of words（相同词汇集合） substitutable for each other grammatically in ntences with the same structure.
By the relation of co-occurrence one means that words of different ts of class may permit, or require, the occurrence of a word of another t or class to form a ntence.
Syntactic construction
⏹Constituent is a term ud in structural ntence analysis for every linguistic unit, which is a part of a larger linguistic unit. Several constituents together form a construction.
⏹Construction refers to any linguistic form which is compod of constituents and is able
图片转excelto be gmented. In other words, a construction is a relationship between constituents.
●Immediate constituent analysis 雪除may be defined as: the analysis of a ntence in terms of its immediate constituents气胸是什么原因引起的—word groups, which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached. For example,
鱿鱼炒韭菜The boy ate the apple. (A)
the boy (B) + ate the apple (C)
( the + boy ) ( ate + the + apple)
In this ca, B and C are said to be the immediate constituents of A. The two constituents the boy (B) and ate the apple (C)对不起我的最爱 can also be split into further constituents (e.g. the + boy). This process can be continued until we are left with just individual words. To dismantle a grammatical construction in this way is called Immediate Constituent Analysis or IC analysis (直接成分分析）.
The criterion ud in IC analysis
The criterion ud in IC analysis is substitutability: Whether a quence of words can be substituted for a singular word and the structure remains the same.
Advantage of IC analysis
Through IC analysis, the internal structure of a ntence may be demonstrated clearly, and ambiguities, if any, will be revealed.
Endocentric and exocentric constructions
公安消防
(向心结构和离心结构）
●幼儿园膳食管理Endocentric construction is one who distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one of its constituents, which rves as the head of the whole. Hence an endocentric construction is also known as a head construction (有主词的结构）.
●Exocentric construction is just the opposite of endocentric construction. It refers to a c
onstruction who distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. There is no noticeable “Head” in it.
The syntactic function shows the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is ud. Names of functions are expresd in terms of subjects, objects, predicators, modifiers, complements，etc.
A simple ntence is a group of words which express a single independent thought. It consists of a single independent clau which contains a subject and a predicate. The single clau stands alone as a ntence.
A compound ntence is a group of words which express two or more connected and coordinate thoughts. It contains two claus joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or.
A complex ntence is a group of words which express two or more unified thoughts, one of which is the main thought dependent on it one or more subordinate thoughts. It contains two or more claus. One of the claus is incorporated (包含） into the other
Why does a ntence have both a linear and hierarchical structure?
Sentences are formed by following a t of syntactic rules. When a ntence is uttered or written down, the words of the ntence are produced one after another in a quence. Therefore the structure of a ntence is first linear. 生死肉骨However, the superficial arrangement of words in a linear quence does not entail that ntences are only linearly structured. In fact, ntences are made up of layers of word groups, which are in turn made up of words. This determines that ntences are also hierarchically structured.
