第2章英语语音
课后习题详解
Check your understanding.
State whether each of the following statements is True or Fal.
(1) [i:] and [i] are allophones of the same phoneme.
【答案】F
(2) Not all English phonemes have allophones.
【答案】T
(3) The same t of vowels is ud in all languages.
【答案】F
(4) All syllables must contain at least one vowel.
【答案】F
(5) The marking of word stress is arbitrary for the most part in English.
【答案】F
(6) English is a tone language.
【答案】F
定语从句语法总结In-Class Activities
1. In order to discover the phonemes ud in the sound system of a language, scholars once designed a method bad on the notion of minimal pairs, like “pat”
嗓子干
vs. “fat”. Three requirements were propod for identifying a minimal pair: (1) the two words are diffe
rent in meaning; (2) the two words are different becau of just one phoneme; and (3) the phonemes that make the two words different occur in the same phonetic environment. By phonetic environment we mean the sound(s) preceding and that/tho following it, e. g. the phonetic environment of [I] in [pit] is [p_t] and that of [P] is [#_it] (#stands for a word or syllable boundary). The contrasting sounds in words forming a minimal pair are said to be in contrastive distribution, as in [bit] vs. [beit] and [pit] vs. [bit].
Ask
(1) What is the phonetic environment of [t] in [pit] ?
Key: [i_]
(2) Are the following pairs of words minimal pairs?
a. desk vs. task;
b. leave vs. leak
Key: a. No.
b. Yes. ( li:v vs. li:k )
2. Allophones as the realizations of the same phoneme are technically said to be in complementary distribution; in other words, they are found in different phonetic environments. For instance, the allophones of the phoneme /l/, clear [l] and dark [?], occur as follows:
Clear [1]: occurs before vowels or after initial consonant(s) like /b/, /s/, /k/, //,
/f/, /p/, /sp/.
领导者的素质Dark [?]: occurs elwhere.
Ask
(1) Characterize how the allophones of the phoneme/k/are complementarily distributed.
有其父必有其女Key: [k h ] in initial position; [k]after /s/; [k¬] in final position.
(2) Is there any other way of characterizing the complementary distribution of clear [l] and dark [?]?
Key: [l] before vowels; [ł] elwhere.
3. A phoneme can be further analyzed into a t of distinctive features. For example, /p/is defined as compod of such distinctive features as [plosive] + [bilabial] + [breathed] becau each of them can distinguish/p/from some other phonemes. However, the property of aspiration contained in the allophone [P h] does not distinguish of meaning and therefore is not a distinctive feature in this ca. Ask
(1) What distinctive feature makes/f/and/v/different?
Key: [voiced].
(2) Can you specify the distinctive features for the following phonemes?
老北京
a. /y/;
b. /k/;
c. /n/
Key: a. /y/ [fricative] + [voiceless] + [palatal]
b. /k/ [velar] + [voiceless] + [plosive]
c. /n/ [nasal] + [voiced] + [alveolar]
顶岗实习周报4. Suppo the distribution of [r] and [l] in the following words is characteristic of Korean: rupi; “ruby”; mul; “water”; kiri; “road”; pal; “leg”; saram; “person”; səul; “Seoul”; ratio; “radio”; ipalsa; “barber”
(1) Are [r] and [l] in complementary distribution? In what environment does each occur?
Key: Yes. [r] occurs before vowels; [l] occurs after vowels.
(2) Do they occur in any minimal pairs?
Key: No.
(3) Suppo that [r] and [l] are allophones of one phoneme. State the rule that can derive the allophonic forms.
Key: [r] is lateralized when it occurs after vowels.
5. A sound may change by assimilating/copying a feature of a quential/ neighboring sound; e. g. [] is realized as [], [] and [] respectively in “impossible”, “irresistible “, and “ illegal “ This is what we call the assimilation rule. Assimilation, particularly noticeable in ordinary conversational speech, occurs in a variety of contexts. For example, when you tell someone “I can go”, the influence of the following velar [] will almost certainly make the preceding nasal sound In [] come out as [] (a velar) rather than [] (an alveolar). Notice also that the vowel in “can” has also changed to schwa []
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from the isolated-word version [] through the process of weakening.
Ask
(1) Can you give more examples of assimilation?
Key: compatriot, sing.
(2) Can you find any exceptions?
Key: input, unbeatable, Canberra.
Now, study the following dialect of English carefully. There ems to be a predictable variant [] of the diphthong [].
(3) What phonetic gments condition this change?
Key: The consonant immediately after the vowel.
6. If two sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for another does not cau a change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation. For example, “economics” can be read as both
[] and []. Here, // and //
桥牌入门
are in free distribution.
Ask:
(1) Can you give more examples of free variation?
Key: advertiment [əd΄və:tismənt] [əd΄və:tizmənt]; association [əsəusi΄eiʃən] [əsəu i΄eiən]
(2) Why do you think such a phenomenon exists in a language like English?
Key: Individual variation is responsible for this phenomenon.
7. A certain sound in words like “sign”, “design” and “resign” may be deleted even though it may be orthographically reprented, while their corresponding nominal forms, namely “signature”, “designation” and “resignation”, involve the articulation of the sound. The process involved here is th
e deletion rule.
Ask
(1) Which sound is deleted in “sign”, “design” and “resign”?
Key: [g]
(2) Can you offer other examples of deletion?
Key: paradigm (atic), condemn(ation)
(3) Can you give some words that involve total deletion?
Key: plumb, plumber; climb, climbing
(4) Are there any other types of deletion in English?
Key: debt, know
8. English has a number of expressions such as “chit-chat” and “flip-flop” which never em to occur in the rever order (i.e. chat-chit, flop-flip). Here are more
