第24课翻译疑点--概略化与具体化(2)

更新时间:2023-06-23 01:02:27 阅读: 评论:0

拉斐尔圣母像>冰糖梨
 ⼆、具体化
  具体化(specification)是指采⽤明确具体的⽅式来翻译原⽂中较为概略化的表达。英语原⽂中有不少词语乃⾄整个句⼦的字⾯意义⾮常抽象、笼统、概括和空泛,如对等译成汉语,不但译⽂难以表达出原作者的真正意图,⽽且译⽂语义也会含糊不清,很难给读者⼀个准确的概念。遇到这种情况时,译者可以、甚⾄必须根据具体的语⾔环境和上下⽂的事理联系,把这些字⾯意义捉摸不定的词句⽤汉语⾥含意明确具体的词句加以表达,使原⽂⽐较抽象的表达⽅式变得⽐较实在、⽐较空泛的变得⽐较具体、⽐较笼统的变得⽐较明确。具体化翻译涉及的范围较⼴,⼤致可分为以下⼏种情况:
  A. 抽象概念具体化。英语中经常使⽤⼀些含义抽象的词句,但从上下⽂的逻辑来看,作者的本意是在表达具体概念,因此翻译时应选⽤含义明确的汉语,还其本来的⾯⽬。例如:
四叶草含义
  (1)For anti-aircraft and anti-missile applications considerable importance must attributed to an unmanned fully automatic gun and to a substantial rerve of ready u ammunition which can be fired without human intervention.在防空和反导弹战⽃中,必须强调以下两个因素的重⼤作⽤:⼀是⽆⼈操作的全⾃动⽕炮;⼆是勿需⼈⼯装填、随时可以发射的⼤量备⽤弹药。
  (2) You may have read stories in which the hero gets into his spaceship and"blasts off"into the outer reaches of space without a worry about fuel.你⼤概读过这样⼀些故事吧。它们描写⼀个英雄坐上
飞船,"风驰电掣",直冲九宵云外,⽏须为燃料担⼼发愁。
  (3) Vietnam was his entree to the new administration, his third incarna-tion as a foreign policy consultant.越南战争成了他进⼊新政府的敲门砖。他担任政府的对外政策顾问,那是第三次了。
  (4) Where a railway cross a navigable water way, and it is impossible to lift the line high enough for vesls to pass underneath without interception, a bridge must be built which is capable of being opened in order to allow the river or canal traffic to pass.在铁路经过通航河道的地⽅,如果那时不可能做到把线路升⾼到使船只在下⾯不受阻碍地通过的话,就必须把桥梁修成开启式的,以便江河或运河⾥的船只通过。
  B. 概括或笼统概念具体化。有时原⽂作者⽤⼀些含义概括或笼统的词句来表达某⼀具体的事物、⾏为或情况,如按字⾯直译会使译者有隔雾观花之感。⽽且也不可能尽如作者愿意。这时就有必要⽤明确具体的词句把原⽂的具体含义表达出来。例如:
  (1) A modern frigate or destroyer could well u up all her surface-to-air missiles in the first hours of a rious large-scale encounter.在⼀场⼤规模的海空战⽃的最初⼏个⼩时内,现代护卫舰或驱逐舰就可能将舰载的全部舰对空导弹消耗殆尽。(字⾯意义为"冲突")
  (2) Many men have recognized the similarity of plants to the behavior of animals, and have dreamed wistfully, but forlornly, upon some method or source of rejuvenation such as Ponce de Leon sought in the Fountain of Youth veral centuries ago.许多⼈认为,植物的习性与动物相似,于是梦寐以求地去探索什?quot;返⽼还童"的"灵丹妙药",就象数百年前彭斯德·利昂在青春泉祈求仙⽔⼀样,结果只能是⽵篮打⽔⼀场空。(3) What is known is that weight extremes in either direction are definitely unhealthy.众所周知,过度肥胖或消瘦肯定是不健康的。(字⾯意义为"体重的两个极端")
公司文件  (4) Administrating this fluid intravenously will fill up the deficiency in potassium.静脉滴注这种液体可以补充体内钾的不⾜。(administrating字⾯意义为"给予")
  C. ⼴义词词义具体化。英语中有少数词使⽤⼴泛、搭配灵活,但其字⾯意义却颇为笼统和⼴泛。翻译时,必须根据其特定的上下⽂来确定其意义,然后选择具体的⽅式予以表达出来。例如:
  (1) Plants cannot grow well in the abnce of water.没有⽔,植物就不能茁壮地⽣长。
活络喜  (2) Shock the bottle well before the experiment.实验前应反复摇动瓶⼦。
信仰观后感
  (3 )Radar waves go through clouds or fog quite well, whereas light waves no not.雷达波能很容易地穿云破雾,⽽光波则不能。
  (4) Examine the account well before you pay it.付款之前请仔细核对帐⽬。
  D. 其他情况具体化。在实际翻译过程中,还会碰到其他⼀些字⾯意义⽐较空泛或模糊的词句,如果直译就不能把原⽂本意交代清楚,有时还会造成歧义。这时就必须采⽤具体化的办法进⾏翻译。例如:
  (1) No reproduction is granted by implication or otherwi of this information. 本资料不得私下或公开翻印。(or otherwi具体译为"公开",以与by implication相对应)
  (2) The planes may be in commercial u as early as the end of this decade or the beginning of the next.这类飞机最早可在⼋⼗年代末或九⼗年代初投⼊商业飞⾏。(this decade和the next分别具体译为"⼋⼗年代"和"九⼗年代")
后背僵硬  (3) Empties are not taken back. 空瓶不退钱。
郭人豪  (4) The stars twinkled in transparent clarity.星星在清澈的晴空中闪烁。

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