定义 1.语言学Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
2.语言Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols ud for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。
4.识别特征 Design Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness 任意性 Productivity 多产性 Duality 双重性 Displacement 移位性 Cultural transmission 文化传递 ⑴arbitrariness There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions ⑵Productivity Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to nd. ⑶Duality Language is a system, which consists of two ts of structures ,or two levels. ⑷Displacement Language can be ud to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. ⑸Cultural transmission Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any lang
uage system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the t of calls peculiar to their species.
5.语言能力Competence is the ideal ur’s knowledge of the rules of his language.
6.语言运用Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。
7.历时语言学 Diachronic linguistics The study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time.
8.共时语言学 Synchronical linguistics The study of a given language at a given time.
9.语言 langue 星烛风景如画 The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.
胜的成语
10.言语 parole The realization of langue in actual u.
失孤观后感
录屏功能
11.规定性 Prescriptive It aims to lay down rules for ”correct” behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say.
12.描述性 Descriptive A linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually u.
三、问答题 1.what are major branches of linguistics? what does each study? Phonetics----it’s defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, it’s concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages. Phonology---the study of sounds systems—the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall. Morphology---It’s a branch of a grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Syntax-------it's a subfield of linguistics that studies the ntence structure of a language. Semantics---It’s simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction. Pragmatics---the study of meaning in context of words. Sociolinguistics—the study of language with reference to society. Psycholinguistics---the study of language with reference to the working of the mind. Applied linguistics---the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning.
2.why do we say language is arbitrary? Language is arbitrary in the n that there is no intrinsic connection between the sounds that people u and the objects to which the sounds refer. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language, it’s only our tacit agreement of utterance and concept at work and not any innate relationship bound up in the utterance. A typical example to illustrate the ‘arbitrariness’ of language is ‘a ro by any other name would smell as sweet’.
6.the distinction between langue and parole? ⑴伊索寓言读后感langue is abstract, relatively stable ⑵parole is concrete, varies from person to person, from situation to situation.
1/ What is linguistics? 什么是语言学？ Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general.
2/ The scope of linguistics 语言学的研究范畴 The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. (普通语言学) The study of sounds, which are ud in linguistic communication, is called phonetics.（语音学） The study of how sounds are put together
and ud in communication is called phonology. （音 系学） The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology. （形 态学） The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form ntences is called syntax. （句法 学） The study of meaning in language is called mantics. （语义学） The study of meaning in context of u is called pragmatics. （语用学） The study of language with reference to society is called socio-linguistics. （社会语言学） The study of language with reference to the working of mind is called psycho-linguistics. （心 理语言学） The study of applications (as the recovery of speech ability) is generally known as applied linguistics. （应用语言学） But in a narrow n, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and cond language. Other related branches include anthropological linguistics, （人类语言学） neurological linguistics, （神经语言学） mathematical linguistics, （数字语言学） computational linguistics. and （计算机语言学）
3/ Some important distinctions in linguistics 语言学研究中的几对基本概念
Prescriptive and descriptive 规定与描写 If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually u, it is said to be descriptive, if it aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive. Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar. Traditional grammar is prescriptive while modern linguistics is descriptive. The task of linguists is suppod to describe the language people actually u, whether it is “correct” or not.
Synchronic and diachronic 共时和历时 The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. In modern linguistics, synchronic study is more important.
