高考英语复习备考：阅读理解语义转换的方法与解题策略
语义转换的方法既有语言知识层面也有思维能力层面，这也恰恰吻合考试大纲中对阅读理解能力的要求：既能理解具体的事实，也能理解抽象的概念；既能理解字面意思，也能理解根据字面意思推断出没有明确说出的深层含义。
爸爸的肩膀一、语言知识层面的语义转换
一个口一个真语言知识层面的语义转换主要有同义词替换、反向表达及非对等结构替换。
1. 同义词替换
这种转换相对简单，就是直接用同义词或者近义词来替代原文中的单词。解题时，考生应根据题意，快速在文中定位关键信息，然后再根据原文中的单词，选择与原文信息相接近的选项，这样就可以确定正确答案。
[例1]（全国I卷）Disappointed by many a broken， vine-ripened（蔓上成熟的） promi， I’ve refud to buy winter tomatoes for years. No matter how attractive they look in the store， once I get them home they’re unfailingly dry， hard， and tasteless.
26. What can we learn about tomatoes sold in New York in winter？
A. They are soft. B. They look nice.
C. They taste great. D. They are juicy.
解析：题目问纽约冬天的西红柿看起来怎么样。原文的信息点是attractive（有吸引力的），与选项B的nice（美好的）是近义词，因而B选项为正确答案。
[例2]（全国Ⅲ卷）Visiting an apple event is a good chance to e， and often taste， a wide variety of apples. To people who are ud to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets， it can be quite an eye opener to e the range of classical apples still in existence， such as Dacia which was grown by the Romans.
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8. What can people do at the apple events？
A. Attend experts lectures.
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B. Visit fruit-loving families.
C. Plant fruit trees in an orchard.
D. Taste many kinds of apples.
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解析：题目问人们在苹果节上能做些什么。在文中迅速定位信息点Visiting an apple event is a good chance to e， and often taste， a wide variety of apples（苹果节是一个好机会，人们可以去欣赏、品尝各种各类的苹果），D选项中的many kinds of 与原文的a wide variety是同义词，taste又是原词复现，所以正确答案为D选项。
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2. 反向表达
相比同意替换，反向表达更考验学生是否细心。选项的反向表达有两种情况：
一种是用否定的形式来表述文中用肯定方式表述的内容；另一种是肯定的形式来表达文中用否定方式表述的内容。对这种题目，考生要尤其谨慎，以防一不小心漏掉了一个not，把意思理解反了，落入陷阱。
[例3]（全国Ⅰ卷）The freezing Northeast hasn't been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter， so when the chance came for a weekend to Sarasota， Florida， my bags were packed before you could say “sunshine”.
24. What did the author think of her winter life in New York？
A. Exciting. B. Boring. C. Relaxing. D. Annoying.
解析：本题问作者对纽约冬季生活的看法。从原文的信息点The freezing Northeast hasn’t been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter，我们可以得知，这个冬季纽约并不是一个好玩的地方，所以正确答案为B选项 Boring（无聊的）。原文中的谓语动词用了否定形式hasn’t been，如果考生忽略了这个否定，就很有可能误选fun 的同义词A. Exciting（令人兴奋的）。
3. 非对等结构替换
有的时候这种同义的替换并不是同义词或者反义词这样词性对等的结构，而是变换了词性转换成了其他的结构，可能两者在词性以及在句子中的功能都不尽相同。解题时，在找到
原文中的词语之后，考生要利用自己已有的语言知识以及文中的有效信息去判断该词的准确含义。
[例4]（全国Ⅲ卷）River bend Music Theater： 6295 Kellogg Ave. Large outdoor theater with the clost ats under cover（price difference）. Big name shows all summer long！ Phone： 232-6220. http：//dprint
4. How is River bend Music Theater different from the other places？
A. It has ats in the open air.
B. It gives shows all year round.
C. It offers membership discounts.
D. It prents famous musical works.
解析：题目问River bend 音乐大剧院与其他地方的不同之处，在文中可以找到关键信息outdoor（户外的），户外的剧院也就是座位都是露天的，因此正确答案选A. It has ats i
n the open air. （它有露天的座位）。该题的正确选项就是用一句话解释替换了原文的一个单词。
[例5]（全国Ⅲ卷）To people who are ud to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets， it can be quite an eye opener to e the range of classical apples still in existence， such as Dacia which was grown by the Romans.
9. What can we learn about Dacia？
A. It is a new variety. B. It has a strange look.
C. It is rarely en now. D. It has a special taste.
春暖花开行吧解析：对Dacia这一苹果树种的描述，原文用的是名词an eye opener（大开眼界事物），而选项中转换为谓语 is rarely en（很少见到）。
二、思维能力层面的语义转换
语义转换并不仅仅停留在表面的语言知识层面，它还涉及深层次的思维理解能力。可以说，语义转换考查的并不是单一的语言知识水平，而是需要抽象概括、归纳提练等多种思维能力。
1. 简要概括
阅读理解设置选项的一个原则就是尽量使用简练的语言和较少的词语，因此选项具有较强的概括性，对原文进行了简要概括。如果原文内容比较长，信息点比较多，则会在选项中概述成比较简短精炼的表达。解题时，考生应首先找出原文所涉及的重要信息，用自己的语言去提炼、归纳文中的信息或事实，然后再比对选项，挑选出和自己所归纳的信息很接近的选项作为正确答案。
[例6]（新课标Ⅱ卷）According to US government reports， emissions（排放）from cars and trucks have dropped from 10.3 million tons a year to 5.5 million tons. The number of cities producing CO beyond the standard has been reduced from 40 to 9. Although rious problems still remain and need to be dealt with， the world is a safer and healthier place. A kind of “green thinking” has become part of practices.
27. What have Americans achieved in environmental protection？
女贝网打屁股视频A. They have cut car emissions to the lowest.
B. They have ttled their environmental problems.
C. They have lowered their CO levels in forty cities.
D. They have reduced pollution through effective measures.
解析：题目是问美国人在环境保护方面所取得的成就。考生可以在文中找到依据：According to US government reports， emissions （排放） from cars and trucks have dropped from 10.3 million tons a year to 5.5 million tons. The number of cities producing CO beyond the standard has been reduced from 40 to 9.（根据美国政府报告，汽车和卡车的排放已经从每年1003万吨下降到550万吨，生产CO超过标准的城市数量从40减少到9）。文中的信息有两个要点，而且信息详细具体，概括起来，就是美国人减少了环境污染，选项D意思最为接近，因此为正确答案。
2. 抽象概念
阅读理解是培养思维品质的语言活动，其中抽象思维就是高考考查的一个重要内容。抽象的语义转换要求学生不仅要理解具体的事实，也要理解抽象的概念。
[例7]（全国I卷）When Sandra Day Connor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School， in 1952， she could not find work at a law firm becau she was a woman. She became an Arizona state nator（参议员） and， in 1981， the first woman to join the U.S. Supreme Court. Connor gave the deciding vote in many important cas during her 24 years on the top court.
