写作资料:地名英译(1)
地名是历史的产物,是国家领土主权的象征,是日常生活的向导,是社会交往的媒介。在信息化社会中,地名在国际政治、经济、外交、外贸、科技、文化交流、新闻出版以及社会生活方面都起着非常重要的作用。
用汉语拼音字母拼写中国地名,不仅是中国的统一标准,而且是国际标准,全世界都要遵照使用。根据笔者英译中国地名的体会,本文拟谈谈中国地名英译的几点注意事项,供译者和读者参考。
一、专名是单音节的英译法
专名是单音节,通名也是单音节,这时通名应视作专名的组成部分,先音译并与专名连写,后重复意译,分写(汉字带点的字是通名,英语的画线部分是音译;括号内为该地所在省、市、地区或县,下同)例如:
1、恒山Hengshan Mountain (山西)
2、淮河the Huaihe River (河南、安徽、江苏)
3、巢湖the Chaohu Lake (安徽)
4、渤海the Bohai Sea (辽宁、山东)
5、韩江the Hanjiang River (广东)
6、礼县Lixian County (甘肃陇南地区)
二、通名专名化的英译法
通名专名化主要指单音节的通名,如山、河、江、湖、海、港、峡、关、岛等,按专名处理,与专名连写,构成专名整体(汉语带点的字和英语的画线部分即为通名专名化)。例如:
1、都江堰市Dujiangyan City (比较: the Dujiang Weir)(四川)
2、绥芬河市Suifenhe City (比较:the Suifen River)(黑龙江)
3、白水江自然保护区Baishuijiang Nature Rerve(比较:the baishui
river)(甘肃)
4、青铜峡水利枢纽Qingtongxia Water Control Project(比较:the Qingtong
Gorge)(宁厦)
5、武夷山自然保护区Wryishan Nature Rerve(比较:Wuyi抗皱紧致护肤品排行榜 Mountain)(福建)
6、西湖区风景名胜区Scenic Spots and Historic Sites of Xihu(比较:the
West lake)(浙江杭州)
三、通名是同一个汉字的多种英译法
通名是单音节的同一个汉字,根据意义有多种不同英译法,在大多数情况下,这些英译词不能互相代换。例如:
1、山
1)mount:峨眉山 Mount Emei(四川峨眉)
2)mountain: 五台山Wutai Mountain(山西)
3)hill:象鼻山 the Elephant Hill(广西桂林)
4)island:大屿山 Lantau Island(香港) 出手不凡打一植物
5)range:念青唐古拉山 the Nyainqentanglha Range(西藏)
6)peak:拉旗山 Victoria Peak(香港)
7)rock:狮子山 Lion Rock(香港)
2、海
1)a:东海,the East China Sea
2)lake:邛海the Qionghai Lake(四川西昌)
3)horbour:大滩海Long Harbour(香港)
4)port:牛尾海Port Shelter(香港)
5)forest:蜀南竹海the Bamboo加盟商 Forest in Southern Sichuan(四川长岭)
在某些情况下,根据通名意义,不同的汉字可英译为同一个单词。例如:“江、河、川、水、溪”英译为river。
1、嘉陵江the Jialing River(四川)
2、永定河the Yongding River (河北、北京、天津)
3、螳螂川the Tanglang River(云南)
4、汉水the Hanshui River(陕西、湖北)
5、古田溪the Gutian River(福建)
四、专名是同一个汉字的不同英译法
专名中同一个汉字有不同的读音和拼写,据笔者不完全统计,地名中这样的汉字有七八十个之多,每个字在地名中的读音和拼写是固定的,英译者不能一见汉字就按语言词典的读音和拼写翻译,而只能按中国地名词典的读音和拼写进行翻译(画线部分为该字的读音和拼写)。例如:
1、陕
陕西省Shaanxi Province
陕县Shanxian County(河南)
2、洞
洞庭湖the Dong Lake(湖南)
洪洞县Hongtong County(山西)
3、六
六合县Luhe County(江苏)
六盘水市Liupanshui City(贵州)
4、荥
荥阳市Xingyang City(河南)
荥经县Yingjing County(四川雅安地区)
5、林
林甸县Lindian County(黑龙江大庆市)
林芝地区Nyingchi Prefecture(西藏)
林周县Lhunzhub County(西藏拉萨市)
米林县Mainling County(西藏林芝地区)
6、扎
扎赉特旗Jalaid Banner(内蒙古兴安盟)
扎兰屯市Zalantun City(内蒙古呼伦贝尔盟)
扎囊县Chanang County(西藏山南地区)
扎龙自然保护区Zhalong Nature Rerve(黑龙江齐齐哈尔市) 在生活上
扎达县Zanda County(西藏阿里地区)
扎陵湖the Gyaring Lake(青海)
五、专名是同样汉字的多种英译法
专名中的汉字是相同的,但表示不同的地点,每个地点的读音和拼写是固定的,应按“名从主人”的原则译写,不能按普通语言词典,而必须按中国地名词典英译。例如:
1、浍河
1)the Huihe River (河南、安徽)
2)the Kuaihe River(山西)
英语写作必背50词
9类词+10句
第一部分 词汇
1.表“重要”
important, vital, esntial, crucial, significant,crucial,indispensable, of great importance
2.表“认为”
suppo, convince ( be convinced of) show, illustrate, illuminate,believe, hold to the belief
3.表“个人意见”
in my opinion, as for me, from my point of view, my ideas go as, to my knowledge, in my view point, in my perspective, to my understanding
4.表“转折”
but, however物质是什么意思, on the other hand, nevertheless
5.表“递进”
what’s more, furthermore, that is to say, moreover,in addition
6.表“让步”
although, but even though (if) provided that, though
7.表“列举”
as follows, for example, for instance, a ca in point,such as
8感谢英语.表“结果”
conquently, accordingly, hence, thus, therefore
9.表“总结”
to sum up, in a word, to put all in a nutshell
10.表示"原因"
becau, becau of , as a result of,due to, owing to, as
第二部分 句式
1.It is widely儿童画大象 accepted/acknowledge that
大家普遍接受的是……
2.It is well known that
众所周知的是……
3.It is reported/said/believed that
据报道……
4.It is carefully chon that
我们精挑细选得到……
5.There is hot discussion/debate over the issue that
就……的话题现在正在进行热烈的讨论
6.As far as sth/mylf be concerned
就……而言
7.We plan to do sth in order to do sth
我们计划做……是为了……
8.When we refer to/ When it comes to
当我们提到……
9.There are many reasons explaining/accounting for this situation。
有很多原因能够解释这个情况
10.The majority of students prefer to do sth rather than do sth
大部分的人喜欢做……而不喜欢做……
英语中常见的123个中国成语
1.爱屋及乌Love me, love my dog.
2.百闻不如一见 (眼见为实 )Seeing is believing.
3.比上不足比下有余wor off than some, better off than many; to fall short of the best, but be better than the worst.
4.笨鸟先飞A slow sparrow should make an early start.
5.不眠之夜white night
6.不以物喜不以己悲not plead by external gains, not saddened by personnal loss
7.不遗余力spare no effort; go all out; do one's best
8.不打不成交No discord, no concord.
9.拆东墙补西墙rob Peter to pay Paul
10.辞旧迎新bid farewell to the old and usher in the new; ring out the old year and ring in the new
11.大事化小小事化了try first to make their mistake sound less rious and then to reduce it to nothing at all
12.大开眼界open one's eyes; broaden one's horizon; be an eye-opener
13.国泰民安The country flourishes and people live in peace
14.过犹不及going too far is as bad as not going far enough; beyond is as wrong as falling short; too much is as bad as too little
15.功夫不负有心人Everything comes to him who waits.
16.好了伤疤忘了疼once on shore, one prays no more
17.好事不出门恶事传千里Good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad news spread far and wide.
18.和气生财Harmony brings wealth.
19.活到老学到老One is never too old to learn.
20.既往不咎let bygones be bygones
21.金无足赤人无完人Gold can't be pure and man can't be perfect.
22.金玉满堂Treasures fill the home.
23.脚踏实地be down-to-earth
24.脚踩两只船sit on the fence
25.君子之交淡如水the friendship between gentlemen is as pure as crystal; a hedge between keeps friendship green
26.老生常谈陈词滥调cut and dried, cliché
27.礼尚往来Courtesy calls for reciprocity.
28.留得青山在不怕没柴烧Where there is life, there is hope.
29.马到成功achieve immediate victory; win instant success
30.名利双收gain in both fame and wealth
31.茅塞顿开be suddenly enlightened
32.没有规矩不成方圆Nothing can be accomplished without norms or standards. 33.每逢佳节倍思亲 On festive occasions more than ever one thinks of one's dear ones far away.It is on the festival occasions when one miss his dear most.
34.谋事在人成事在天The planning lies with man, the outcome with Heaven. Man propos, God dispos.
35.弄巧成拙be too smart by half; Cunning outwits itlf
36.拿手好戏masterpiece
37.赔了夫人又折兵throw good money after bad
38.抛砖引玉a modest spur to induce others to come forward with valuable contributions; throw a sprat to catch a whale
39.破釜沉舟cut off all means of retreat;burn one‘s own way of retreat and be determined to fight to the end
40.抢得先机take the preemptive opportunities
41.巧妇难为无米之炊If you have no hand you can't make a fist. One can't make bricks without straw.
42.温暖的时刻作文千里之行始于足下a thousand-li journey begins with the first step--the highest eminence is to be gained step by step
43.前事不忘后事之师Past experience, if not forgotten, is a guide for the future. 44.前人栽树后人乘凉 One generation plants the trees in who shade another generation rests.One sows and another reaps.