高一英语阅读理解强化训练附解析Day 对人生感悟的经典句子172
Passage 1
According to a new study, teens focus on rewards and have a hard time learning to avoid punishment or consider the conquences of alternative actions.
University College London rearchers compared how teens and adults learn to make choices bad on the available information. They tracked the way in which 18 volunteers aged 12-17 and 20 volunteers aged 18-32 completed tasks in which they had to choo between abstract symbols.
Each symbol was consistently associated with a fixed chance of a reward, punishment, or no outcome. As the trial progresd, participants learned which symbols were likely to lead to each outcome and adjusted their choices accordingly. Teens and adults were equally good at learning to choo symbols associated with reward, but teens were less good at avoiding symbols associated with punishment. Adults also performed significantly better wh
en they were told what would have happened if they had chon the other symbol after each choice, while teens did not appear to take this information into account.
“From this experimental lab study we can draw conclusions about learning during the teen years. We find that teens and adults learn in different ways, something that might be relevant to education," said lead author Dr. Stefano Palminteri. " Unlike adults, teens are not so good at learning to adjust their choices to avoid punishment. This suggests that incentive systems bad on reward rather than punishment may be more effective for this age group. Additionally, we found that teens did not learn from being shown what would have happened if they made alternative choices. "
To interpret the results, the rearchers developed computational models of learning and ran simulations （模拟）applying them to the results of the study. The first was a simple model, one that learned from rewards, and the cond model added to this by also learning from the option that was not chon. The third model was the most complete and took the full context into account, with equal weight given to punishment avoidance a
nd reward eking. For example, obtaining no outcome rather than losing a point is weighted equally to gaining a point rather than having no outcome.
Comparing the experimental data to the models, the team found that teens" behavior followed the simple reward-bad model while adults" behavior matched the complete, contextual model. “Our study suggests that teens are more receptive to rewards than they are to punishments of equal value, ” said nior author Dr. Sarah-Jayne Blakemore. “As a result, it may be uful for parents and teachers to frame things in more positive terms.”
1. It can be learned from the study that.
A. adults made choices faster than teens
女孩子的英文名字B. adults understood rewards better than teens
C. teens reacted better to reward than punishment
D. teens were aware of the outcome of each choice
2. What do we know about the three computational models?
A. They reflected people’s strong desire for punishment avoidance.
B. They gave circumstances different degrees of consideration.
C. They paid equal attention to reward and punishment.
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唐朝男子服饰D. They shaped the behavior of people at different ages.
3. The underlined word “receptive" in the last paragraph probably means.
A. accustomed B. oppod整体认读音
苹果6s图片C. sympathetic D. responsive
4. According to the writer, which of the following statements works best for teens?
A. “If you insist on doing things in this way, you will lo ten points. "
B. “If we had talked about this earlier, you wouldn’t have made the mistake. "电脑手写键盘
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C. “ If you hand in your assignment ahead of time, you will get an extra bonus. "
D. “If you want to approach a problem differently, you can talk to your parents."
Passage 2
Pigeons in London have a bad reputation. Some people call them flying rats. And many blame them for causing pollution with their droppings. But now the birds are being ud to fight another kind of pollution in this city of 8. 5 million.
“The problem for air pollution is that it’s been largely ignored as an issue for a long time,” says Andrea Lee, who works for the London-bad environmental organization Client Earth. “People don’t realize how bad it is, and how it actually affects their health.” London’s poor air quality is linked to nearly 10,000 early deaths a year. Lee says, citing(引用)a report relead by the city manager last year. If people were better informed about the pollution they’ re breathing, she says, they could pressure the government to do something about it.
Nearby, on a windy hill in London’s Regent’s Park, an experiment is underway that could help—the first week of flights by the Pigeon Air Patrol. It all began when Pierre Duquesnoy, the director for DigitasLBi, a marketing firm, won a London Design Festival contest last year to show how a world problem could be solved using Twitter. Duquesnoy, from France, cho the problem of air pollution.
