业绩才是硬道理>重庆英文A peace symbol, originally designed by the British Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament movement (CND)
An anti-war poster
An anti-war movement (also antiwar) is a social movement, usually in opposition to a particular nation's decision to start or carry on an armed conflict, unconditional of a maybe-existing just cau. The term can also refer to pacifism, which is the opposition to all u of military force during conflicts. Many activists distinguish between anti-war movements and peace movements. Anti-war activists work through protest and other grassroots means to attempt to pressure a government (or governments) to put an end to a government (or governments) to put an end to a particular war or conflict.
Usage
Many groups call themlves anti-war activists though their opinions may be different: some anti-war activists may be equally oppod to both sides' military campaign; in contrast, many modern activists are against only one side's (usually the most unethical) campaigns.
Pacifist and anti-war movements are similar, but not the same. Pacifism is the belief that violent conflict is never acceptable and that society should not be ready to fight in a conflict (e disarmament); the anti-war movement is not necessarily oppod to national defen. Pacifists oppo all war, but anti-war activists may be oppod to only a particular war or wars.
The historic peace churches such as the Brethren, the Mennonites and the Quakers teach that Jesus advocates nonviolence, and that his followers must do likewi.
History of modern movements
Antebellum Era
Substantial anti-war ntiment developed in America during the period roughly falling between the end of the War of 1812 and the commencement of the Civil War, or what is called the antebellum era. (A similar movement developed in England during the same period.) The movement reflected both strict pacifist and more moderate non-interventionist家乡歌词 positions. Many prominent intellectuals of the time, including Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau (e大树卡通 Civil Disobedience and William Ellery Channing contributed literary works against war. Other names associated with the movement include William Ladd, Noah Worcester, Thomas Cogswell Upham and Asa Mahan. Many peace societies were formed throughout the United States, the most prominent of which being the 专用基金American Peace Society. Numerous periodicals (e.g., The Advocate of Peace)) and books were also produced. The Book of Peace, an anthology produced by the American Peace Society in 1845, must surely rank as one of the most remarkable works of anti-war literature ever produced.[1]
凶恶反义词A recurring theme in this movement was the call for the establishment of an international court which would adjudicate disputes between nations. Another distinct feature of antebe
llum anti-war literature was the emphasis on how war contributed to a moral decline and brutalization of society in general.
[edit] American Civil War
Rioters attack federal troops.
Further information: Opposition to the American Civil War
A key event in the early history of the modern anti-war stance in literature and society wa
s the American Civil War, where it culminated in the candidacy of George McClellan关门山 for President of the United States as a "Peace Democrat" against incumbent President Abraham Lincoln泰安有什么好玩的. The outlines of the anti-war stance are en: the argument that the costs of maintaining the prent conflict are not worth the gains which can be made, the appeal to end the horrors of war, and the argument that war is being waged for the profit of particular interests. During the war, the New York Draft Riots were started as violent protests against Abraham Lincoln's Enrollment Act of Conscription plan to draft men to fight in the war. The outrage over conscription was augmented by the ability to "buy" your way out; the amount of which could only be afforded by the wealthy. After the war, The Red Badge of Courage described the chaos and n of death which resulted from the changing style of combat: away from the t engagement, and towards two armies engaging in continuous battle over a wide area.
[edit] Second Boer War
Further information: Opposition to the Second Boer War
William Thomas Stead formed an organization against the Second Boer War: the Stop the War Committee.
[edit] World War I
The Derter by Boardman Robinson, The Mass, 1916.
Further information: Opposition to World War I
In Britain, in 1914, the Public Schools Officers' Training Corps annual camp was held at Tidworth Pennings, bear Salisbury Plain. Head of the British Army Lord Kitchener was to r
eview the cadets, but the immenence of the war prevented him. General Horace Smith-Dorrien was nt instead. He surprid the two-or-three thousand cadets by declaring (in the words of Donald Christopher Smith, a Bermudian cadet who was prent) that war should be avoided at almost any cost, that war would solve nothing, that the whole of Europe and more besides would be reduced to ruin, and that the loss of life would be so large that whole populations would be decimated. In our ignorance I, and many of us, felt almost ashamed of a British General who uttered such depressing and unpatriotic ntiments, but during the next four years, tho of us who survived the holocaust-probably not more than one-quarter of us - learned how right the General's prognosis was and how courageous he had been to utter it. [2] Having voiced the ntiments did not hinder Smith-Dorien's career, or preventing him from doing his duty in the First World War to the best of his abilities.
With the increasing mechanization of war, opposition to its horrors grew, particularly in the wake of the First World War. The European avant-garde cultural movements such as Dada which were explicitly anti-war.
The Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 gave the American authorities the right to clo newspapers and jailed individuals for having anti-war views.
On June 16, 1918, Eugene V. Debs made an anti-war speech and was arrested under the Espionage Act of 1917. He was convicted, ntenced to rve ten years in prison, but President Warren G. Harding commuted his ntence on December 25, 1921.
[edit] Between the World Wars
In 1924 Ernst Friedrich published Krieg dem Krieg! (War Against War!): an album of photographs drawn from German military and medical archives from the first world war. In On the pain of others Sontag describes the book as 'photography as shock therapy' that was designed to 'horrify and demoralize'.
