中文3100字，2000单词，1.1万英文字符
出处：Kuppusamy M, Gharleghi B. Green Barriers and China's Agricultural Product Export: Is There Any Relationship?[J]. Asian Social Science, 2014, 10(16):34-41.
原文
Green Barriers and China's Agricultural Product Export: Is
There Any Relationship?
须兰Kuppusamy, Mudiarasan; Gharleghi, Behrooz
Abstract
As an agricultural country, the export of China's agricultural products are often suffered the restrictions from the green barriers. The positive green barriers can regulate the agricultural production in China, and promote the agricultural development and international trade; on the other hand, the negative green barriers would increa the cost of trade, trade friction, and prevent the development of international trade. So the rearch of influence of green barriers on China's agricultural products is ver
y realistic. According to the influence of green barriers on China's agricultural exports, the corresponding countermeasures can be made to deal with the green barriers and improvement of China's competitiveness in the international competition. This study examines the caus, influences and methods of green barriers on China's agricultural products export bad on the questionnaires of 200 staffs of agricultural trade companies in Xi'an of Shaanxi province in China. To address this issue, Partial Least Square method is applied and the empirical result shows that there is a positive and significant effect from caus, influences, and methods towards the China's agricultural products export.
Keywords: green barriers, agricultural product, export, China
1. Introduction
蓝姓
The green barrier is one of the most frequent measures in developed countries from the 1990's (Feng, 2007). As an agricultural country, the export of China's agricultural products are often suffered the restrictions from the green barriers. The positive green barriers can regulate the agricultural production in China, and promote the agricultural development and international trade; on the other hand, the negative green barriers would increa the cost of trading, even cau trade friction, and prevent the development of international trade.
Green barriers are also called environmental barriers and green protectionism, which is a new trade barrier since 1990s. Buyers will impo green barriers on llers' export when the buyers want to protect their own limited resources, human, animal, plant health and ecological environment in the modern international trade. Green barriers take place when importers have strict environmental protection laws and regulations to manage their own environment and technology standards.
The green barriers are becoming not only the rious challenges faced by China's agricultural export products but also the biggest obstacle for China's agricultural exports (Yu, 2010). To deal with the green barriers, it is important to identify the caus of green barriers on China's agricultural products export, which are from both import and export countries. The limited agricultural technology of China is one significant cau. Due to the limited agricultural technology of China, the agricultural export products can't meet the high
environmental standards mentioned in "green barriers" of the import countries. In the process of export, the quarantine system, import standards and complex inspection process that are regulated by the import countries are also the main caus. The complex process built by import countries is the biggest obstacle for China's agricultural products export.
As agricultural trade plays a key role in China's foreign trade, how to break restrictions of green barriers impacted on agricultural export products and how to effectively regulate China's agricultural production with the correct u of the green barriers are the big problems for China's future development (Wang &Liu, 2007). By changing the negative influence and making u of the positive in influences of green barriers in China, the sustainable development of China's agricultural trade can also be promoted in the future.
In most previous rearches, the authors focus on the negative influences of green barriers. But the green barriers also have positive influences on the agricultural products export. The most significant issue for further exploration in the study is to effectively take u of the positive influences to improve China's agricultural products export. This study will make an empirical analysis of the positive influences of green barriers with questionnaires. Therefore, examining the relationship between green barriers and China's agricultural products export is the general objective of this study. More specifically the examination of the relationship between the caus, influences, and methods of green barriers with China's agricultural product export is taken into account in this paper.
The focus of geographic location is Xi'an of Shaanxi province in China. One of the core industries in Xi'an is agricultural products export, and recently the agricultural products export in Xi'an is developi
ng increasingly. So Xi'an is chon to be the geographic location for this rearch. The unit of analysis focus of the study is 200 staffs of agricultural trade companies in Xi'an of Shaanxi province in China. The agricultural trade companies have comprehensive views about the green barriers. The rearch methods in this paper are questionnaire survey. SPSS and PLS will be ud to analyze the data collecting from the survey.
The organization of this paper is as follow: ction 2 reviews the literature, ction 3 describes the methods ud, ction 4 prents the empirical results and ction 5 concludes.
2. Literature
Review Green barriers are also called environment barriers, and green protectionism. Becau the importers of products want to protect their own limited resources, human, animal, plant health and ecological environment in the modern international trade, through the formulation and implementation, they issued strict environmental protection laws and regulations to achieve environment protection and technology standards. The green barriers prevent foreign products enter into the domestic markets.Their aim is to protect domestic products and one of the new type non-tariff barriers (Feng, 2007).
2.1 Caus of Green Barriers
After China entered into WTO, most of the developed countries t up green restrictions to the export products of China. This leads the dramatic dropping of China's commodities, especially the agricultural products. The domestic and foreign experts have done a lot of rearch about the green barriers in China.
As mentioned by Zhu, Guo and Lan (2008), the environmental standards of developed countries are generally much higher than tho of the developing countries. Especially a few
developed countries make different standards for the imported products and domestic products, which makes the products of developing countries have more difficult to enter into the developed markets.
The comparative advantage of price in developing countries is an indirect cau of green barriers (Ren, 2010). Developing countries are often rich in resources, especially China. The rich natural resources make the lower price of exported products from developing countries. With the comparative advantage of price, the developing and developed countries will have an enormous trade surplus. The developed countries due to the protection of their domestic market, will work out a
policy with strict technical standards (Zhao, 2004).
2.2 Influence of Green Barriers
Song (2009) analys the formation and the new characteristics of green barriers in the global economic crisis. The author also points out that the new developing dynamic of each country's green barriers in the global economic crisis, and mainly from the laws and regulations puts forward the measures of green barriers for China. ChenXu (2009), points out that green barriers has the duality, on the one hand, they are ud by some developed countries as a limit or hinder of foreign products or rvices to enter into the international market and the developed countries, and have certain "legitimate" status; On the other hand, they objectively protect the global natural environment, original resources and human health. In view of this situation, on the one hand China can strengthen the propaganda of education and legislation to solve the green barriers in the international trade (Huang, 2007); On the other hand, China should reasonably u the green barriers in the international trade to improve the agricultural products' quality, and improve the technology innovation of China's agricultural products.
At prent many areas of China have make corresponding measures for the green barriers. For exa
mple, the implementation of "Definite List System" in Japan has affected the exports of eel and tea in Jiang Xi province. In order to solve the problem, the Inspection and Quarantine Institutions of Jiang Xi province add a technology group to deal with the "Definite List System" and the new European Food Hygiene Regulations. This technology group specially analys the influence and measures for Jiang Xi export commodities to deal with "Definite List System", and report information to the relevant departments and enterpris, give consultation, and solve problems (Green, 2012). To some degree, the technology group has made great progress. The Chine products that are most riously affected by "green barriers" in global trade include agricultural products, textiles and clothing, leather products, electronic products and so on (Chen, 2009).
The WTO accession has significantly lowered the tariff level to an average of 3.8% in developed countries and 14% for developing countries (Huang, 2007).The drop in tariff should presumably increa the market share of Chine tea in importing countries, but that unfortunately did not happen. China's tea export, with its major markets in EU and Japan, has been substantially affected by the increasingly stringent pesticide residue control standards promulgated by China's trading partners (Zheng, 2003).
2.3 Methods to Deal with Green Barriers
Yu (2010) mentioned that many global experts have done quite a lot rearch about the negative influence of the green barriers on China agricultural products export and made deeply detailed analysis of the countermeasures, but propod less ideas on the positive
impact. Only through analyzing both the positive and negative influences, China can put forward the corresponding measures for the green barriers in the light of the influences.
Yin (2009) argued that developing green industries and enhancing China's international image are the necessary methods to deal with green barriers. At prent, China's trade dependence has been higher than the U.S., Japan, India and Brazil. If China only focus on improving openness, due to the deteriorating terms of trade, it will result in an outflow of resources. Therefore China should improve the quality of trade and optimize trade structure, which make China's products achieve the environmental standards and improve the quality of export products. There are three important factors.
As a developing country, China has little environmental and curity standards and even no standards for majority products.So an effective measurement to deal with green barriers is to improve the domestic environmental and safety standards. Efforts to integrate the standards of inter
national and developed country are still a beginning and continue to advance slowly. The Measures on the Management of Environmental Standards, promulgated by SEPA, reflect a growing awareness and recognition of international or developed-country environmental standards (Seffens, 2011). It provides that the Chine monitoring organization may u current international standards and standards in developed countries when verbalizing new environmental standards.
Therefore, bad on the literature above quoted and also the objectives of the paper, following hypothes will be tested:
Hypothesis 1: There is a significant relationship between the caus of green barriers and China's agricultural product export.
Hypothesis 2: The impact of green barriers influencers toward China's agricultural product export is significant.
Hypothesis 3: The impact of effective solutions of green barriers toward China's agricultural product export is significant.
2.4 Rearch Model吴刚的故事
发型简笔画
In this paper, the relationship between green barriers and China's agricultural products export (dependent variable) is investigated. In order to vividly show the green barriers in China, this study will identify three aspects of green barriers, which are caus, influences and methods (independent variables). The three aspects are also the three steps to analy green barriers in China. To analy green barriers, the caus are the first step. Then identifying the influences is the cond step. The last step is the suitable methods bad on caus and influences.
3. Rearch Method
Quantitative rearch is chon to be the main approach of this rearch. The data collection of this study will u survey, which is a non-experimental method. In survey rearch, respondents answer questions through interviews or questionnaires. In order to ensure the reliability of the survey, it is important that the questions are made appropriately. This rearch will u cross-ctional surveys. Cross-ctional surveys are ud to gather information on a population at a single point in time. The sampling technique ud in this paper is Cluster Sampling. This rearch focus on the agricultural trade companies in China. All the samples are collected in Xi'an of Shaanxi province since the core industry of Xi'an is agriculture.
译文九转大肠的做法
绿色贸易壁垒与中国的农产品出口：他们的关系是什么?
摘要：
农业大国，中国农业产品的出口往往受到绿色壁垒的限制。积极的绿色壁垒可以调节中国的农业生产，和促进农业和国际贸易发展；另一方面，消极的绿色壁垒会增加贸易的成本，贸易摩擦，从而会阻碍国际贸易的发展。因此，研究绿色壁垒对中国农产品的影响是非常有现实意义的。根据绿色壁垒的影响，中国的农产品出口可以采用相应的对策来应对绿色壁垒以及提高中国在国际市场中的竞争力。本研究基于中国的陕西西安农业贸易公司的200名员工的问卷调查，主要考察了绿色壁垒对中国农产品出口影响的原因和方法。为了解决这个问题，应用偏最小二乘法，实证结果表明，绿色贸易壁垒对中国农产品的出口有一个积极和显著的影响。
关键词：绿色贸易壁垒；农产品；出口；中国
1.引言
从20世纪90年代以来，绿色壁垒是发达国家最常见的措施之一。作为一个农业大国，中国的农产品的出口往往遭受绿色壁垒的限制。积极的绿色壁垒可以调节中国的农业生产，和促进农业和国际贸易发展；另一方面，消极的绿色壁垒会增加贸易的成本，贸易摩擦，从而会阻碍国际贸易的发展。
计算机的发展趋势
绿色壁垒又称环境壁垒，绿色贸易保护主义，这是自90年代以来就有的一个新贸易壁垒。当买方想要在现代国际贸易中保护自己有限的资源，人力资源，动物，植物和生态环境，买家就会将绿色壁垒强加于卖方的商品出口。当进口商有严格的环境保护法律、法规来管理他们自己的环境和技术标准，这时就会产生绿色壁垒。
绿色壁垒不仅正成为中国农业产品出口面临的严峻挑战，也是中国农产品出口面临的最大障碍。应对绿色壁垒，重要的是确定在中国农产品出口的绿色壁垒的原因，从进口国和出口国两方面来考虑。中国农业技术有限是重要原因之一，由于中国农业技术有限，农业出口产品不能满足进口国家高环境标准中提到的“绿色壁垒”。在出口过程中，进口国家的检疫系统，进口标准和复杂的检验过程也是主要原因。进口国家的复杂过程是中国农产品出口的最大障碍。
因为农产品贸易在中国对外贸易中扮演着重要角色，如何打破绿色壁垒限制对农业产品出口的影响，以及如何正确使用绿色壁垒来有效地控制中国的农业生产是中国未来发展的重大问题。通过改变消极影响以及积极的利用绿色壁垒的影响，将会推动中国农产品贸易的可持续发展。
以前的大多数研究，学者们关注绿色壁垒的负面影响。但是绿色壁垒对农产品出口也有积极的影响。进一步探索的最大意义是研究如何有效地利用绿色壁垒的积极影响，提高中国农产品的出口。本研究将对绿色贸易壁垒的积极影响进行实证分析与问卷调查。因此，研究绿色贸易壁垒和中国农产品的出
口之间的关系是本研究的总目标。更具体地说，就是找到绿色壁垒对中国农产品出口的原因，影响和方式。
选取的研究地理位置是在中国陕西省的西安。近年来，西安正日益发展，西安的核心产业之一就是农产品的出口，所以选择西安作为研究地点。分析研究的重点就是中国的陕西西安农业贸易公司的200员工。农业贸易公司对绿色壁垒有比较全面且深刻的看法。本文的研究方法是问卷调查，并将采用SPSS法用于分析调查的数据采集。
本文的组织结构是：第二节进行了相关文献回顾，第三节描述了方法，第四节给出了实证研究的结果和第五节的总结。
2文献综述
万圣节用英语怎么说
绿色壁垒又称环境壁垒，绿色保护主义。因为进口商想在现代国际贸易中保护自己有限珠花
