天门山风景区文献出处：Bobirca A, Cristureanu C. The international competitiveness of trade in tourism rvices: Evidence from Romania[J]Advances in Tourism Economics.
Physica-Verlag HD, 2013: 189-202.
The International Competitiveness of Trade in Tourism Services:
Evidence from Romania
Ana Bobirca ，Cristiana Cristureanu
Abstract: Tourism is the only rvice activities that can provide trade opportunities for any level of development of the country. However, it is also a large extent becau of the country's capacity and performance in the global economy and also has a clear benefit to the uneven distribution of industry, which they need to improve their competitiveness.
Since the early 1990s, Romania's tourism industry has experienced significant changes in export volume, growth rate and structure. The fluctuations affect the relative competitive position of Romania in the international tourism market and cau changes in the balance of its tourism trade. At the same time, new and more jumbled the European construction, caud a significant change in the r
egional tourism competitiveness in Romania.
苏州冬酿酒In this context, this paper attempts to propo a framework to focus on the relationship between competitiveness and tourism trade performance, and to asss the international competitiveness of the tourist trade in rvices in Romania.
First, the international competitiveness of international tourism
口红的保质期The concept of international competitiveness, although controversial, elusive, but has now been recognized, and all over the world continue to attract the attention of scholars and policy makers.
So far, have been taken to improve the international competitiveness of measures have been considered at the economic level (Jiarui Li, 2003) usually refers to a country's production of goods and rvices to meet the test of international markets, while maintaining and to increa the ability of the citizen's income (European Commission, 2007).
Competitiveness ultimately depends on a country's business success in domestic and international markets, the competitive attention focud on enterpri-level competitiveness (Porter, 1990), for this generally understood to refer to "... the company to maintain and better, to expand its global mar
曹操盗墓ket share to increa and the ability to expand profit "(Clark and cover, 1998, the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, 1993).
Therefore, although the widespread international competitiveness as with the theoretical basis of the national economy and international trade have been less in the academic literature. Therefore, the nature of a country's international competitiveness, efficiency and limitations are still unclear (Cole Dwyer, 2000, Krugman, 1994, 1996). International competitiveness, consolidate and maintain trade advantage trade advantage relative to the rest of the world refers to a country's trade in goods and rvices.
小米nfc功能怎么用Whenever a country's economic welfare through incread trade flows, or through the from initial equilibrium terms of trade change and increa international competitiveness will be improved the (Cole Dwyer, 2000). Therefore, the international competitiveness of the definition for an economy to attract its export demand and investment supply demand capabilities and the ability to enhance the living standards of citizens in all social norms. This in turn depends on the macro-and micro-economic policies affect the economic productivity of the production elements and operating costs of the regulations and the system.
A review of the literature and empirical evidence available to support international competitiveness can be explained to a certain extent, this view of a country's ability to export (Lok and Wolff, 1993, Ge Boge, etc.). There is, in fact, is a circular relationship between export performance and international competitiveness. Exports is a measure of international competitiveness. The improvement in exports will lead to enhance the competitiveness of a country. This effect is the skills, knowledge, innovation and u of new technologies and the u of technology can be a successful business opportunity of the results of an enterpri. The other hand, in order to successfully achieve export efforts in the highly competitive global market, a country forced to improve their competitiveness. More powerful country, its economy more competitive. Therefore, it is better able to compete in the global market, in order to attract a higher level of knowledge, skills, level of people to buy the new technology, and improve its export performance, as well as to achieve better export performance. Turn, may favor a more innovative, caud by the improvement of their competitiveness.
Competitive, however, should not be only equivalent to a country's ability to export. Where
the evolution of the share of the export market is also an important element of the trade competitiveness, while the latter is only part of a country's competitiveness is defined as the Lisbon
Declaration by the European through the provision of more and higher quality of employment, to improve and enhance the standard of living in and greater social cohesion. The world market share of the gain or loss of individual countries are often en as their trade competitiveness index. However, the growth of the market share depends on structural factors. Due to changes in demand in the beginning of a period of a country's geographic and industry specialization is an important factor in shaping the growth of the market share in the future. Similarly, the state the ability to adapt to changes such export, will also affect the final result.
Second, overview of the international trade in tourism rvices in Romania
Travel and tourism in Romania in the early years of economic transition period after the negative results, showing a positive return, and the next decade of growth outlook is much stronger than the EU.The Romanian tourism's contribution to GDP was 4.8%, 174 tourism-intensive countries in the world, ranked 162. However, the prospects for the growth of the tourism ctor in Romania in the regional and world ranking better than its neighbors and competitors in the next 10 years, the contribution to GDP was 6.7% and ranked 12 (World Travel and Tourism Development Committee , 2007).
Romania travel and tourism's contribution to GDP in 2006 was 1.9%, will ri to 2.5% in 2016, in the EU, the travel and tourism's contribution to GDP in 2006 was 3.9% (World Travel and Touri Global travel and tourism industry employment accounted for 8.7% of global employment, Romania's travel and tourism industry employment in 2006 is estimated at 485,000 people, or 5.8% of total employment, or 17.4 parts have a tourism job. Compared employment, 4.2% of total employment in Europe (860), 3.1% of the current work of total employment of 265,000 copies of the travel and tourism industry (World Travel and Tourism Commission, 2007).sm Commission, 2007).
The vast majority of international tourists in Romania from Europe. Since 2000, about 95% of the visitors to this area every year. In addition to the, more and more - 75% bad on 2004 data - to tourists from five countries bordering with Romania: Ukraine, Moldova, Bulgaria, Hungary, Serbia and Montenegro.
属狗的是哪年出生的
Third, the evaluation of tourism rvice trade competitivenessrearch methods
As tourism rvice trade and international competitiveness asssment methods, the basic approach is taken in this study bad on one to improve the competitiveness of the tourism
economy is able to improve the economic basis of the idea of the scale of certain travel rvices exp
orts. Similarly, the decline in the competitiveness of the economy, a country to increa its scale of travel rvices imported from other countries. Competitiveness of countries (or departments), large or small display of the nature and extent of participation in the country - through its exports - imports conducted market analysis, that a country with other countries to increa imports from the country to improve its competitiveness (Mander, 1991).
In addition, a country in the process of inrtion in the international economy is not only related to the progress of its exports, but also related to the behavior and actions of other competitors. The model is adapted from the de la Guardia, Moleiro, and Guevara Fernandez (de la Guardia, etc., 2004) introduced the dynamic nature of the market, and through their implementation of the ex-post evaluation of rvice competitiveness by providing a level of competitiveness in international trade and the change in the degree of specialization in production as a descriptive reference.
Commercial advantage through the evolution of tourism exports show - this reflects the improvement of the competitiveness and reform through tourism imports, reflecting the deteriorating commercial advantage.
Bad on the above, changes in international tourism rvice trade competitiveness is measured by analyzing the different variables:
The first variable is the market share or to participate in the market, and measuring the market share of a country or the country's tourism ctor;
The cond variable is the analysis of the country's export structure. This variable reflects the relative weight of the tourism ctor in the country's total exports;
Finally, through the import structure of the market, the tourism ctor is the driving force in the import market analysis can determine.
The combination of the two variables, the tourism industry as a rvice export ctor as operative, misd opportunities, decline and retreat, equivalent to the previously mentioned significance.
(B) the results
1. Indicators
The evolution of the market share that the penetrating power of tourism as a rvice export ctor of each country in the international economy.
The data shows that, during the analysis, the EU-25 economies is a major travel rvice provider in the world, becau their overall accounted for 45% of the world tourism exports provide.
From the point of view of the individual countries, the quota increa of travel rvices in the world market economy, according to the orderly, Poland, Estonia, Lithuania, the United Kingdom, Luxembourg.
During the analysis, the majority of countries in the process they enter the currency through the export of tourism rvices slight loss. Reflects this trend, countries are Poland, Estonia, Germany, the United Kingdom.
2. Tourism competitiveness matrix
Becau it has been shown that a national tourism rvice competitiveness asssment procedures, including the first simultaneous analysis of the market share held by a country on the export of tourism rvices tourism rvice trade (exports) and the whole world changes.
The results of this analysis are reflected in Table 12.2, which has decided to countries bad on the criteria detection.
Second tourism competitive evaluation process including the simultaneous analysis of the behavior of the export structure of the economy as a whole and the national trade structure changes, especially in the tourism trade in rvices (e Table 12.3).
The third and most complex tourism competitiveness evaluation process including the simultaneous analysis of the path of the commercial specialization behavior of its economy and the international trade performance (e Table 12.4).
In turn, the degree of specialization and international trade of a country's commercial development in the same direction or the opposite direction. Therefore, the tourism industry as a country's export ctor specialization can win or lo weight, and at the same time, expand or reduce the scale of travel rvices in international trade.
高中化学公式Fourth, the Conclusion: Romania in the European tourism market competitive position
When the import growth of world tourism (20%), the EU's 25 countries are losing market share (market share growth rate of -0.68%), Romania is also (-4.65% market share growth rate). Romania rious decline in market share in the EU-25 market (-20.86% market share growth), which compared to the world is a fact, despite the European tourism growth in imports, but强迫症治疗
