GRE阅读综合辅导:63题新东方网络课堂总结
(三十
提出老方法：降低本钱法Since the late 1970’s, in the face of a vere loss of market share (market share: 市场份额, 市场占有率) in dozens of industries行业, manufacturers in the United States have been trying to improve productivity（破折号中间的是插入语）—and therefore enhance their international competitiveness*1C—through cost-cutting programs. (Cost-cutting here is defined as raising labor output while holding the amount of labor constant.)（括号里为“降低本钱法”的定义，可以等做到题再回来查） However（新老比照）, from 1978 through 1982, productivity（这里的插入语解释productivity）—the value of goods manufactured divided by the amount of labor input—did not improve（老方法的缺点）; and while （转折，前半句说better，后半句更重要，确定是不好的） the results were better in the business upturn of the three years following, they ran 25 percent lower than productivity improvements during earlier, post-1945 upturns. At the same time, it became clear that the harder manufactures worked to implement cost-cutting, the more they lost their competitive edge.
老方法的缺点一With this paradox in mind, I recently visited 25 companies; it became clear to me that the cost-cutting approach to increasing productivity is fundamentally flawed（-）（本段连续讲老方法的
缺点）. Manufacturing regularly obrves a “40, 40, 20”rule（可以临时不看，等有题目再回来查找）. Roughly 40 percent of any manufacturing-bad competitive advantage derives from long-term changes in manufacturing structure (decisions about the number, size, location, and capacity of facilities) and in approaches to materials. Another 40 percent comes from major changes in equipment and process technology. The final 20 percent rests on implementing conventional cost-cutting. This rule does not imply that cost-cutting should not be tried. The well-known tools of this approach—including simplifying jobs and retraining employees to work smarter, not harder—do（让步语气） produce results. But（让步的后半句，重要） the tools quickly reach the limits of what they can contribute.数字手语
老方法的缺点二：阻碍创新Another problem is that the cost-cutting approach hinders innovation and discourages creative people. As Abernathy’s study of automobile manufacturers has shown （+）, an industry can easily become prisoner被束缚 of its own
investments in cost-cutting techniques, reducing its ability to develop new products. And managers under pressure to maximize cost-cutting will resist innovation becau they know that more fundamental changes in process or systems will wreak (BRING ABOUT, CAUSE “wreak havoc”) havoc引起破坏，造成破坏，实现破坏 with the results on which they are measured. Production man
活动形式
称的多音字组词agers have always en their job as one of minimizing costs and maximizing output. This dimension of performance has until recently（老观点） sufficed 充分，充分，够用 as a basis of evaluation, but（转折，新观点） it has created a penny-pinching斤斤计较 (FRUGALITY, PARSIMONY), mechanistic culture in most factories that has kept away creative managers.
新方法Every company I know that has freed itlf from the paradox has done so, in part, by developing and implementing a manufacturing strategy. Such a strategy focus on the manufacturing structure and on equipment and process technology. （以下举一个详细例子，可能对应举例作用题，可以等到出题再看）In one company a manufacturing strategy that allowed different areas of the factory to specialize in different markets replaced the conventional cost-cutting approach; within three years the company
读书诗regained its competitive advantage. Together with such strategies, successful companies are also encouraging managers to focus on a wider t of objectives besides cutting costs. There is hope for manufacturing, but it clearly rests on a different way of managing.
1. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with 主题题（写法性）
(A) summarizing a thesis
(B) recommending a different approach新老比照
(C) comparing points of view
(D) making a ries of predictions（B）
(E) describing a number of paradoxes
2. It can be inferred from the passage that the manufacturers mentioned in line 2 expected that the measures they implemented would直接事实题（有定位）
(A) encourage innovation
(B) keep labor output constant
(C) increa their competitive advantage*1C
(D) permit business upturns to be more easily predicted（C）
项目计划书范本(E) cau managers to focus on a wider t of objectives
3. The primary function of the first paragraph of the passage is to
(A) outline in brief the author’s argument
(B) anticipate challenges to the prescriptions that follow
(C) clarify some disputed definitions of economic terms
(D) summarize a number of long-accepted explanations（E）
(E) prent a historical context for the author’s obrvations 引子
4. The author refers to Abernathy’s study (line 36) most probably in order to举例作用题（找结论，找例子为谁效劳——此题为前一句话效劳）赛金花简介
物联网专业介绍(A) qualify an obrvation about one rule governing manufacturing
(B) address possible objections to a recommendation about improving manufacturing competitiveness
健身教程(C) support an earlier asrtion（指前一句话的结论） about one method of increasing productivity老方法的其次个毛病：阻碍创新
(D) suggest the centrality in the United States economy of a
