Chapter 4
1.perception 感觉 the process that organize information in the nsory image and interpret it as having been produced by properties of objects or events in the external, three-dimensional world.
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感觉图像的信息组织和解释它的过程stitches>chiefexecutiveofficer
2.nsation 知觉 the process by which stimulation of a nsory receptor gives ri to neutral impuls that result in an experience, or awareness, of conditions inside or outside the body.
重庆达内科技感觉接收器产生神经冲动的过程，产生人机体内部或外部状况的经验意识的反应
3.distal stimulus 远距离刺激 in the process of perception, the physical object in the world, as contrasted with proximal stimulus, the optical image or the retina.
在知觉过程中，在世界上的物理对象，与近端刺激相比，光学图像或视网膜。
4.proximal stimulus 近距离刺激 the optical image on the retina; contrasted with the distal stimulus, the physical object in the world
视网膜上的光学图像；与远端刺激物对比，在世界上的物理对象
5.psychophysics 心理物理学 the study of the correspondence between physical simulation and psychological experience.
物理模拟与心理体验的对应关系研究。
6.psychometric function 心理测量函数 a graph that plots the percentage of detections of a stimulus (on the vertical axis) for each stimulus intensity (on the horizon axis)
图中的每个刺激强度（x轴）的刺激（y轴）的百分比的曲线图
7.signal detection theory 信号检测论 a systematic approach to the problem of respon bias that allows an experimenter to identify and parate the roles of nsory stimuli and the individual’s criterion level in producing the final respon
解决反映偏差的系统研究方法，可以区分被试产生感觉刺激到作用和最重反应个体的规范水平
8.difference threshold 差别阈限 the smallest physical difference between two stimuli that can still be recognized as a difference; operationally defined as the point at which the stimuli are recognized s different half of the time
两个刺激可以被识别的最小物理差别，操作上50%可以区别时
9.transduction 换能 transformation of one form of energy into another, for example, light is transformed into neutral impuls
能量形式从一种变为另一种的过程
10. nsory receptor 感觉感受器 specialized cell that converts physical signals into cellular signals that are procesd by the nervous system.
特定细胞把物理刺激转化为让神经系统加工的细胞信号
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11.hue 色度 the dimension of color space that captures the qualitative experience of the color nsation
颜色空间的维数，捕捉到的颜色感觉的定性经验
12. saturation 饱和度 the dimension of color space that captures the purity and vividness of color nsations
颜色空间拍摄的纯度和色彩感觉的生动性
13.brightness 亮度 the dimension of color space that captures the intensity of light
捕捉光强度的颜色空间的维数
14.complementary colors 补色 colors opposite each other on the color circle; when additively mixed, they create the nsation of white light
色圈中相对的颜色，当混合时，产生白光的感觉
15.trichromatic theory 三原色理论 the theory that there are three types of color receptors that produce the primary color nsations of red, green, and blue
有三种颜色接收器产生出基本的颜色感觉，红色、绿色和蓝色的理论
the karate kid16.opponent-process theory 对立过程理论 the theory that all color experiences aris from three systems, each of which includes two “opponent” elements (red versus green, blue versus yellow, and black versus white)
颜色经验产生于三个过程，每个过程对立，红－绿，蓝－黄，白－黑
17.pitch 音高 sound quality of highness or lowness; primarily dependent on the frequency of the sound wave
声音高或低的质量，主要取决于声音频率spring festival
18.loudness 响度 a perceptual dimension of sound influenced by the amplitude of a sound wave; sound waves in large amplitudes are generally experienced as loud and tho with small amplitudes as soft
声波的振幅影响的声音的一个感性的尺寸；在大振幅的声波一般是有经验的声音和那些以小幅度为软
19.timbre 音色 the dimension of auditory nsation that reflects the complexity of a sound wave
听觉的感觉，反映了一个声波的复杂性维度
师恩如山20.place theory 位置理论 the theory that different frequency tones produce maximum activation at different locations along the basilar membrane, with the result that pitch can be coded by the place at which activation occurswhat would you do
不同频率的音调在基底膜的不同位置产生最大激活的理论，其结果是，可以被编码的位置，在该位置的激活发生
21.frequency theory 频率理论 翻译费the theory that a tone produces a rate of vibration in the basilar membrane equal to its frequency, with the result that pitch can be coded by the frequency of the neural respon
不同频率的声音在耳蜗基底膜会产生不同频率的振动，可以表示不同声音的频率
22.volley principle 并发原则 an extension of frequency theory, which propos that when peaks in a sound wave come too frequency for a single neuron to fire at each peak, veral neurons fire as a group at the frequency of the stimulus stone
频率理论的拓展，在声波频率过高，一个神经元无法激活时，很多个神经元可以群体激活来表征比较高的频率
23.gate-control theory 门控理论 a theory about pain modulation that propos that certain cells in the spinal cord act as gates to interrupt and block some pains signal while nding others to the brain
在脊柱中有特定的细胞可以像门一样控制某些痛觉信号传到大脑
24.attention 注意 a state of focud awareness on a subt of the available perceptual information
