Categories of figures of speech
Scholars of classical Western rhetoric have divided figures of speech into two main categories: schemes and tropes. Schemes (from the Greek schēmamls, form or shape) are figures of speech that change the ordinary or expected pattern of words. For example, the phra, "John, my best friend" us the scheme known as apposition. Tropes (from the Greek rntropein, to turn) change the general meaning of words. An example of a trope is irony, which is the u of words to convey the opposite of their usual meaning ("For Brutus is an honorable man; / So are they all, all honorable men").
查询四六级成绩During the Renaissance, scholars meticulously enumerated and classified figures of speech. Henry Peacham, for example, in his The Garden of Eloquence(1577), enumerated 184 different figures of speech. Professor Robert DiYanni, in his book "Literature - Reading Fiction, Poetry, Drama and the Essay" [5]wrote: "Rhetoricians have catalogued more than 250 different figures of speech, expressions or ways of using words in a nonliteral n.".
For simplicity, this article divides the figures between schemes and tropes, but does not further sub-classify them (e.g., "Figures of Disorder"). Within each category, words are listed alphabetically. Most entries link to a page that provides greater detail and relevant examples, but a short definition is placed here for convenience. Some of tho listed may be considered rhetorical devices, which are similar in many ways.
[edit]Schemes
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Main article: Scheme (linguistics)
▪ accumulation: Summary of previous arguments in a forceful manner
▪ adnomination: Repetition of a word with a change in letter or sound
▪ alliteration: Series of words that begin with the same consonant or sound alike
▪ adynaton: hyperbole taken to such extreme lengths as to suggest a complete impossibility.
▪ anacoluthon: Change in the syntax within a ntence
▪ anadiplosis: Repetition of a word at the end of a clau at the beginning of another
▪ anaphora: Repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive claus
▪ anastrophe: Inversion of the usual word order
▪ anticlimax: Arrangement of words in order of decreasing importance
▪ antimetabole: Repetition of words in successive claus, in rever order
▪ antistrophe: Repetition of the same word or phra at the end of successive claus (e epistrophe)
▪ antithesis: Juxtaposition of opposing or contrasting ideas
▪ aphorismus: Statement that calls into question the definition of a word
▪ aposiopesis: Breaking off or pausing speech for dramatic or emotional effect
▪ apostrophe: Directing the attention away from the audience and to a personified abstraction
▪ apposition: Placing of two elements side by side, in which the cond defines the first
▪ assonance学校礼仪: Repetition of vowel sounds, most commonly within a short passage of ver
▪ asteismus: Facetious or mocking answer that plays on a word
▪ asyndeton: Omission of conjunctions between related claus
▪ cacophony: Juxtaposition of words producing a harsh sound
diligent▪ cataphora: Co-reference of one expression with another expression which follows it (example: If you need one, there's a towel in the top drawer.)
2014年12月四级真题▪ classification (literature & grammar): Linking a proper noun and a common noun with an article
▪ chiasmus: Word order in one clau is inverted in the other (inverted parallelism).
▪ climax: Arrangement of words in order of increasing importance
▪ commoratio: Repetition of an idea, re-worded
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▪ consonance: Repetition of consonant sounds, most commonly within a short passage of ver
▪ dystmesis: A synonym for tmesis
▪ ellipsis: Omission of words
▪ enallage: Substitution of forms that are grammatically different, but have the same meaning
▪ enjambment: Breaking of a syntactic unit (a phra, clau, or ntence) by the end of a line or between two vers
▪ enthymeme迈克尔杰克逊mp3: Informal method of prenting a syllogism
▪ epanalepsis: Repetition of the initial word or words of a clau or ntence at the end of the clau or ntence
▪ epistrophe: Repetition of the same word or group of words at the end of successive claus. The counterpart of anaphora (also known as antistrophe)
▪ euphony: Opposite of cacophony - i.e. pleasant sounding
▪ hendiadys: U of two nouns to express an idea when the normal structure would be a noun and a modifier
英语 学习 网站▪ hendiatris: U of three nouns to express one idea
▪ homeoptoton: in a flexive language the u the first and last words of a ntence in th
e same forms
