第十一章 虚拟语气
虚拟语气是中学英语语法中较难的部分，新大纲对此不作要求，近年高考没有考查它在条件句中的用法，但高中英语新教材中出现了不少使用虚拟语气的句子，高考在考查情态动词时有涉及虚拟语气的题目，所以了解虚拟语气的用法是必要的。
虚拟语气是谓语动词的一种特殊形式，用来表达假设、主观愿望、猜测、建议、可能或空想等非真实情况。
一、虚拟语气在非真实条件从句中的用法
ems是什么[高考试题传真]
1. ---If he_______, he _______ that food.
---Luckily he was nt to the hospital immediately. (1993)
A. was warned; would not take
dress
B. had been warned; would not have taken
C. would be warned; had not taken
D. would have been warned; had not taken
2. I didn't e your sister at the meeting. If she _______, she would have met my brother. (1991)
A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come
3. Without electricity, human life________quite different today.(1991)
A. is B. will be C. would have been 芒果街上的小屋D. would be
4. Yesterday, Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwi, she ________ something she would regret later.(1996,上海)
A. had said B. said C. might say D. might have said
5. If there were no subjunctive mood, English _______ easier. (1984)
发音字典
A. will be B. would have been
grails C. could have been D. would be
6. You didn't let me drive. If we _______in turn. You _______ so tired. (1996)
A. drove; didn't get B. drove; wouldn't get
C. were driving; wouldn't get D. had driven; wouldn't have got
非真实条件句所假设的是不可能有的条件，或者是与事实相反的条件，这又可以分为三种情况。
(一) 表示与现在事实相反
谓语动词的形式如下:
条 件 从 句 | 主 句 |
动词过去式(be用were) | would/should/could/might+动词原形 |
| |
I'd come too if I had time to spare.我如果匀得出时间的话，我也愿意来。(这句话的含义是:我匀不出时间，所以也就不能来)
If everyone in the country knew first aid，many lives would be saved.如果每个国民都懂得怎样急救，那么就可以挽救许多人的生命了。
(二)表示与过去事实相反
谓语动词的形式如下:
条 件 从 句 | 主 句 |
comperhad+过去分词 | would/should/could/might+have+过去分词 |
| |
She would hove come if she hadn't been so busy.要不是太忙，她就来了。(实际情况是她没有来)
If the hurricane had happened during the day time，there would have been many deaths.
要是飓风发生在白天，那么死亡人数还会更多。(实际情况是飓风发生在夜间)
(三)表示与将来事实相反
谓语动词的形式如下:
条 件 从 句 | 主 句 |
| go west 动词过去式(should/could+动词原形；were to+动词原形) | would/should/could/might+动词原形 |
| |
If the peasants could farm the land themlves, food production would be much higher. 如果农民能为自己种地，粮食产量还会更高。
If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should go to e a film. 明天要是星期天，我会去看场电影的。
[注意1]if的省略
如果条件从句的谓语动词中含有were，had，should，可省略连词if，把were，had，should放在主语前构成倒装。如果条件从句是否定式，倒装时只能把not放在主语之后，不能用缩写式把not放在主语之前。如:
Were I you (=If I were you ), I would do more practice after class. 如果我是你，我会在课下多做练习。
Had you arrived (= f you had arrived) at the station ten minutes earlier, you could have caught the train. 如果你早到车站10分钟，你就赶上火车了。
Should he come (=If he should come), tell him to ring me up.他要是来了，让他给我打个电话。
[注意2]含蓄条件句
hrg所谓含蓄条件句，是指if条件从句没有被明确表达出来的条件，具体分为下列几种情况：
①通过不定式短语表示条件。例如：
You would be a fool to refu his offer.(=If you should refu his offer,you would be a fool.) 要是你拒绝他的建议，就太傻了。
It would be a mistake not to help him.(=It would be a mistake if we did not help him.)如果不帮助他那就会是一个错误。
It would hurt us to act hastily.(=…if we were to act hastily.)仓促行事会对我们不利的。
②通过介词短语表达条件。例如：
Without steelfreelance(=If there were no steel),there would be no industry.没有钢铁，就不可能有工业。
Della couldn’t have lived through Christmas without giving Jim a prent.(=…if she hadn’t given Jim a prent.德拉不送给吉姆一件礼物，他简直过不了圣诞节。东方明珠介绍
But for the storm I would have arrived much earlier.(=If it had not been for the storm…)要不是那场暴雨，我早就到达了。
③通过连词otherwi,or,but,but that,though,once等表达条件。例如：
She came to town yesterday, otherwi/or I would not have met her.(otherwi/or=if she hadn’t come…)昨天她到城里来了，不然她就不会遇见她了。
I would have attended the meeting, but I have been too busy.(=…if I had not been too busy)我本来要参加会议的，只是太忙了。
Einstein cared little for money, though he could have been very rich.(though=if he had cared for money…)爱因斯坦对钱不感兴趣，尽管他本来可以成为非常富有的人。
Once lost(=If it were once lost),it would be hard to find.一旦失去，便不容易找到了。
We should have come, but that we had an accident.(=…if we hadn’t had an accident)倘若无事故，我们早就来了。
④通过分词短语表达条件。例如：
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.(=if they had been given more att
ention…)倘若给予更多的关心，这些树本来可以生长得更好的。
Supposing it should rain, we would still go.(=If it were to/should rain…)假如下雨的话，我们还是要去。
⑤无词句暗示条件。例如：
Such mistakes could have been avoided.这种错误本来可以避免的。（暗示条件从句if we had been more careful）
It was so quiet, you could have heard a pin drop.是那样难过的安静，掉根针你都能听得见。（暗示条件从句if it had dropped to the ground）
