一、选择题 15%
二、T/F 15%
三、概念解释 4题 20%
四、简答题 30%
五、语言现象分析 20%TG grammar，bond morpheme, ntence relation
1. Linguistics is the scientific study of language.广东汽车维修学校
2. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols ud for human communication.
3. Morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language. It can not be ud alone.
4. A word is a meaningful grammatical language unit which can be ud by its own.
5. Lexicon refers to all the words or mental words that a speaker knows.
6. Compound refers to the way of forming new words by stringing words together in certain manner.
7. An allomorph is any the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.
8. The major branches of linguistics ? 写出五大分支：语音学/音位学/形态学/句法学/语用学
Phonetics语音学is the study of sounds ud in linguistic communication.
Phonology音位学 is the study of sound patterns in human language
Morphology形态学 is the study of the internal structure, forms and class of words.
Syntax句法学 is the study of rules that govern the grammatical formation of ntences.
Pragmatics语用学 is the study of how language is ud in actual communication.
Semantics语义学 is the study of language meaning.
Lexicology词汇学is the study of words and phras.
9. distinctions in linguistics :
1) prescriptive规定性，提供说话的规范/descriptive描述性，关心人们的说话方式而不是规定该怎么说
modern linguistics is mostly descriptive
2) synchronic共时性研究/ diachronic历时性研究（几个时段一起研究）
modern linguistics is mainly synchronic, becau it focus on studying a language at some point of time in history. 在特定的一个时期
3) speechovercome口语 / writing书面语 (two major media of communication)
speech is prior to writing 原因：
from the point of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing ;
speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information无忧雅思预测 conveyed ;
speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother language.
4) langue语言 / parole言语(说话的最终方式）
langue refers to the abstract linguistic system ; parole focus on the realization of language in actual u.
5) competence语言能力 / performance语言运用
6) traditional grammar传统语法 / modern linguistics现代语言学
3个区别：modern linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive ;
modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary while traditional grammar emphasizes on written words ;
modern linguistics does not force language into a Latin-bad framework.
10. Design features of language 5个特点，语言与动物交流区分
1）arbitrariness任意性 （means that the symbols ud in human language is arbitrary. there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. it is not entirely arbitrary. some compound words are also not arbitrary.
2) productivity创造性under：language is productive or creative
3) duality双重结构: language consists of two ts of structures, or two levels.
4) displacement不受时空限制 language can be ud to refer contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speakers.
5) cultural transmission文化传递（文化基因）people were born with the ability to acquire language.
(是具有学习能力而不是生来就能使用语言)
11. functions of language
根据tripartite framework分为3个 1) descriptive function
2) expressive function
romanticism3) social function
根据美籍俄人Jacobson’s model 分6类 言语活动的6个主要功能
1) emotive : express the attitude
2) conative : The addresr aims to influence the addre’s thoughts or actions
意动功能，影响听话人的行为
3) referential : convey a message or information 所指功能，传递信息
4) poetic : display the beauty of language itlf 组诗功能，表现语言本身的美me too是什么意思
5) phatic communion : establish or maintain interpersonal relationships.
寒暄功能，用于维系人际关系
6) metalinguistic ： u language to make clear the meaning of language itlf. 元语言功能
what does he look like
12. three branches of phonetics语音学：
articulatory phoneticsquit的意思发音语音学: studies the speech sounds from the speaker’s point of view
auditory phonetics听觉语音学:studies the hearer’s point of view
acoustic phonestic声学语言学: studies the sound waves
13. IPA International Phonetic Alphabet 国际音标
vowel元音20个，其中单元音12个，双元音8个 consonants辅音28个
辅音按manner of obstruction分为6个：stops/fricatives/affricates/liquids/nasals/glides
按place of obstruction分为7个：bilabial/labiodental/dental/alveolar/palatal/velar/glottal
男士穿着打扮
14. broad transcription宽式标音法（一个字母表一个音）
narrow transcription严式标音法（加符号表示不同）
broad transcription using one letter to reprent one sound.
narrow transcription adding diacritics to the letter symbols to show difference.
waiting miles away
15. phonemic contrast 音位对立，如/p/ 与 /b/
