AP® Macroeconomics
Syllabus 2
The initial discussion of this syllabus attempts to get students to think economi-cally. A detailed outline of the cour follows.
Texts
按时间顺序 英文Required Text:Baumol, William J., and Alan S. Blinder. Economics: Principles and Policy. 7th ed.Fort Worth, Texas: The Dryden Press, 1997. Supplementary Text: Tucker, Irvin B. Economics for Today. Minneapolis/ St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Company, 1997.
Cour Outline
Unit 1: An Introduction to Economics (4 weeks)
Topic I: Basic Economic Concepts [CR1]
A. Scarcity: What is it? Why is it so important to economic thought?
B. Opportunity Cost: Define and compute it. Why can it never be avoided?
C. Production Possibilities: Construct and interpret production possibilities
schedules, and graphs; relate production possibilities curves to the issues
of scarcity, choice and cost. Why are most PPCs bowed out?
D. Specialization and Comparative Advantage: Define and calculate
absolute and comparative advantages for production exchange.
E. Functions of Any Economic System
1. Answering the questions: What to produce? How to produce? For
whom to produce?
2. Define ways societies determine allocation, efficiency, and equity. Topic II: Demand, Supply, and Price Determination [CR3]
A. Demand: Define and illustrate demand through schedules and graphs.
1. Distinguish between change(s) in quantity demanded and change(s)
in demand.
2. Examine the inver relationship existing between quantity
demanded and price. Evaluate the Law of Demand.
3. Identify and explain the variables that cau a change in demand.
4. Illustrate graphically a change in demand versus a change in quantity
demanded.[CR9]CR1—The cour provides instruction
in basic economic concepts.
CR3—The cour provides instruction in national income and price determination.
CR9—The cour teaches how to generate, interpret, label, and analyze graphs, charts, and data to describe and explain economic concepts.amless
B. Supply: Define and illustrate supply through schedules and graphs.
1. Distinguish between change(s) in quantity supplied and change(s) in
supply.
2. Examine the direct relationship existing between quantity supplied
and price. Evaluate the Law of Supply.
3. Identify and explain the variables that cau a change in supply.
4. Illustrate graphically a change in supply versus a change in quantity
supplied.
C. Equilibrium Price and Quantity: Define and illustrate equilibrium
through schedules and graphs.[CR9]
1. Define and illustrate surplus and shortages.
2. Define the effects of surplus and shortages on prices and quantities.
3. Interpret the effects of a price floor and price ceiling on equilibrium
price and quantity.柳敬亭说书翻译
4. Introduction to market failures: lack of competition, externalities,
and public goods.
Unit 2: Measurement of Economic Performance (4 weeks)
Topic I: Gross Domestic Product and
National Income Concepts [CR2]
A. Measuring GDP, Four-Sector Circular Flow Model, and Flow Versus Stock
1. Expenditure approach [C+I+G+(X-IM)] where
C = Personal Consumption Expenditures
I = Gross Private Investment
G = Government Consumption Expenditures and Gross Investment
X-IM = Net Exportsimportant什么意思
2. Income approach (W+I+R+P) where
W = Compensation of Employees
I = Net Interest
R = Rental Income of Persons
P = Profits (Non-income adjustments)
3. Problems with calculating GDP: Nonmarket transactions,
distribution, kind and quality of products.
4. Changing Nominal GDP (NGDP) to real GDP (RGDP). How and why?
5. Other national accounts: net national product (NNP), national
income (NI), personal income (PI), and disposable income (DI). CR2—The cour provides instruction
in measurements of economic performance. CR9—The cour teaches how to generate, interpret, label, and analyze graphs, charts, and data to describe and explain economic concepts.
Topic II: Unemployment and Business Cycles [CR5]
A. The Roller Coaster: The four phas of the business cycle
quiet是什么意思B. Total Spending and How It Affects the Business Cycle
C. Unemployment: Defined
D. Problems with the Unemployment Rat: Who is counted and who isn’t?
E. Types of Unemployment
1. Seasonal, frictional, structural, cyclical
2. Which type(s) affect the unemployment rate?
F. Full Employment: What is it? What are the implications if achieved?
G. The GDP Gap: Explaining lost potential
Topic III: Inflation [CR5]
A. The Meaning and Measurement of Inflation
B. The Consumer Price Index (CPI) and How It Is Computed
C. Problems with the CPI
D. Other Indexes: Producer Price Index
E. Conquences of Inflation: shrinking incomes, changes in wealth, effect
on interest rates
F. Demand–Pull and Cost–Push Inflation
Unit 3: Macroeconomic Theory and Policy
(6 weeks)
Topic I: The Classical Theory and the Keynesian Theory:
An Introduction
A. The Role of the Consumption Function
B. Marginal Propensities to Consume and Save
C. Why the Consumption Function Shifts and How It Affects Aggregate
Demand
D. The Role of the Investment Function
E. Why is Investment Demand Unstable?
1. Expectations
2. Technological change
3. Capacity utilization CR5—The cour provides instruction in inflation, unemployment, and stabilization policies.
F. Investment as an Autonomous Expenditure
G. Graphing the Aggregate Expenditure Function
Topic II: Keynesian Model in Action
A. Government Spending and How It Affects Aggregate Demand
B. Adding International Trade to the Aggregate Expenditure Model
C. The Spending Multiplier: the math and its effects
D. Recessionary and Inflationary Gaps: a Graphing Exerci [CR9] Topic III: Aggregate Demand and Supply; National Income
and Price Determination [CR3]
A. Aggregate Demand Curve: Reasons for Its Shape
1. Real balances effect
2. Interest rate effect
3. Net export effect
B. Nonprice-Level Determinants of Aggregate Demand
C. Aggregate Supply Curve
1. Classical view
2. Keynesian view
3. Changes in equilibrium price and quantity with the three ranges
D. Nonprice-Level Determinants of Aggregate Supply
E. Macroeconomic equilibrium
Topic IV: Fiscal Policy/Public Sector
A. Discretionary Fiscal Policy
1. Changes in government spending
2. Changes in tax rates
3. Balanced-budget multiplier
B. Supply-Side Policies
C. Laffer Curve
D. Government Size and Growth
1. Financing budgets
2. Government expenditure patterns CR3—The cour provides instruction in national income and price determination.
E. Types of Taxation
1. Progressive
2. Proportional
3. Regressive
F. Federal Deficits and the National Debt
在美国找工作>博物馆的英语1. The Federal Budget-Balancing Act
a. Gramm–Rudman–Hollings Act
b. Line-item veto
c. Budget ceiling
2. Should we worry about deficits or the debt? Topic V: Money, Banking, the Financial Sector,
and Monetary Policy [CR4]
A. Three Functions of Money
B. What Stands Behind the U.S. Dollar?
C. The Three Money Supply Definitions
1. M1: most narrowly defined money supply
2. M2: adding near monies to M1
3. M3: adding large time deposits to M2
D. Financial asts: Money, Stocks, Bonds
1. Time value of money (prent and future value)
2. Banks and creation of money
3. Money demand
4. Money market
5. Loanable funds market
E. The Federal Rerve System (FED)
1. Origins and organizational structure
2. Powers of the FED
a. controlling the money supply
b. clearing checks
c. supervising and regulating the banks
d. loaning currency to banks
e. acting as the bank for the U.S. government
3. Tools of the FEDbore
a. open market operations
b. discount rate
c. rerve requirement CR4—The cour provides instruction in the financial ctor.
F. The Money Multiplier
1. Theory versus reality
G. Monetary Policy Shortcomings
1. Money multiplier inaccuracies
2. Lags in policy effects
H. Monetary Policy
1. The demand for money and how it may affect interest rates
2. How monetary policy affects prices, output, and employment
3. The Monetarist view of money (MV=PY)
4. A comparison of views: Monetarist, Keynesian and classical
economists
alphabet是什么意思
Topic VI: The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theoryzu
A. What Is the Phillips Curve?
1. In the short run
2. In the long run
B. Rational Expectations Theory
1. Can it work?
Unit 4: Economic Growth and Productivity (1 week) [CR3]
Topic I: Raising Productivity: Real Output
and Capital Formation [CR6]
A. Human Capital Formation
B. Physical Capital Accumulation
C. Rearch and Development, Technological Progress
D. Public Policy and Long-Run Economic Growth
Unit 5: The International Economy (3 weeks) Topic I: International Trade and Finance [CR7]
A. Why Nations Trade at All
B. Comparative and Absolute Advantage
C. Free Trade Versus Protectionism
1. Arguments for free trade
2. Arguments against free trade CR6—The cour provides instruction in economic growth and productivity.
CR3—The cour provides instruction in national income and price determination.
CR7—The cour provides instruction
in the open economy (international trade and finance).
