填空： SRC: lf-reference criterion 自我参照标准
GATT：General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade贾斯丁比伯私生子 关贸总协定
WTO：World Trade Organization 世贸组织
IMF：The International Monetary Fund 国际货币基金组织
WBG: World Bank Group 世界银行
EU：苏州新东方英语学校European Integration 欧盟 euro 欧元
NAFTA: North American Free Trad Agreement 北美自由贸易协定
ASEAN: Association of Southeast Asian Nations 东南亚国家联盟
APEC：Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 亚太经合组织
COE: Country-of-origin effect 原产地效应
市场供应：market offerings
企业对消费者营销B2C：business-to-consumer marketing
企业对企业B2B：business-to-business
市场细分：market gmentation
产品调试：product adaptation
产品同化：product homologation
绿色营销：green marketing
特别提款权：special drawing rights(SDRs)
促销支持: Promotional support
大规模零售商店法: Large-Scale Retail Store Law
stock market出口管理公司: Export Management Companies(EMC)
制造商的出口代理: Manufacturer’s Export Agent(MEA)
bcc补充营销/顺带销售:Complementary Marketing(piggybacking)
客户关系管理: Customer relationship management(CRM)
dakota销售队伍: Sales force
虚拟外派: Virtual Expatriates
当地人员: Local Nationals
第三国人员: Third-Country Nationals(TCNs)
平行进口: Parallel Imports /parallel importation
灰色市场: Grey/Gray Markets
专营: Exclusive distribution
tfc自由贸易区: free trade zones(FTZs)
反补贴税: countervailing duty
最小的进入量: minimum access volume(MAV)
反向购买、抵消贸易: Counter-purcha or off-t trade
回购: Buy-back
补充贸易:Compensation deals
革新产品: Innovative products and adaptation
自有品牌：Private brands
名词解释：
1. International marking is the performance of business activities designed to plan, price, promote, and direct the flow of a company’s goods and rvices to consumers or urs in more than one nation for a profit.
国际营销是指在计划、定价、促进和引导公司商品和服务流向不止一个国家的消费者或用户以获取利润的商业活动的表现。全球营销：At this stage, companies treat the world ,including their home market, as one market.
2. Quality can be defined on two dimensions: 粘贴英文market-perceived quality and performance quality.
质量包括感受到的质量和实际表现出来的质量。
3. The distribution process includes the physical handling and distribution of goods,the passage of ownership (title),and--most important from the standpoint of marketing strategy --the buying and lling negotiations between producers and middlemen and between middlemen and customers.
分销过程包括货物的物理处理和分销、所有权(所有权)的通过，以及——从营销战略的角度来看——生产者与中间商以及中间商与客户之间的买卖谈判。
4. The export management company(EMC)is an important middlemen for firms with rel
atively small international volume or tho unwilling to involve their own personnel in the international function
出口管理公司是国际业务量相对较小或不愿让本国人员参与国际业务的企业的重要中间商。
5. The manufacturer’s export agent(MEA)is an individual agent middlemen or agent middlemen firm providing a lling rvice for manufacturers.
英语四级真题听力制造商出口代理(MEA)是为制造商提供销售服务的个体代理中间商或代理中间商。comment的用法
6. The salesperson is a company ‘s most direct tie to the customer;in the eyes of most customers,the salesperson is the company.
销售人员是公司与顾客最直接的联系；在大多数顾客看来，销售人员就是公司。
7. Price escalation is the added costs incurred as a result of exporting products from one country to another.
价格升级是由于产品从一个国家出口到另一个国家而产生的附加成本。
8. An important lling technique to alleviate high prices and capital shortage for capital equipment or high-priced durable goods is the leasing system.
租赁制度是缓解资本设备或高价耐用品价格高企和资金短缺的重要销售技术。
9. Self-reference criterion (SRC) is an unconscious reference to one’s own cultural values, experiences, and knowledge as a basis for decisions.
自我参照标准是一种无意识地参照自己的文化价值观、经验和知识作为决策的基础。
10. COE(Country-of-origin effect) can be defined as any influence that the country of manufacture, asmbly, or design has on a consumer’s positive or negative perception of a product.
apartments原产地效应可以定义为制造、装配或设计国家对消费者对产品的积极或消极感知产生的任何影响。
11. A product is more than a physical item: it is a bundle of satisfactions (or utilities) than the buyer receives.
简答：
1、降低价格升级的方法
（1）Lowing Cost of Goods降低产品成本：cheap labor and cheap resources.
Laborers deliyered more for less cost劳动力以更低的成本提供更多的服务
Eliminating costly functional features or even lowering overall product quality
消除昂贵的功能特性，甚至降低整体产品质量
（2）Lowing Tariffs降低关税
Some products can be reclassified into a different,and lower,customs classification.
有些产品可以重新归类为不同的、较低的海关分类
（3）Lowing Distribution Costs降低分销成本
Designing a channel that has fewer middlemen may lower distribution costs by reducing or eliminating middleman markups.
设计一个中间商较少的渠道可以通过减少或消除中间商加价来降低分销成本。
（4）Using Foreign Trade Zones to Lesn Price Escalation利用外贸区降低物价上涨
2、Four kinds of barriers face consumer rvices marketers in this growing ctor of the global marketplace 服务进入全球市场的障碍
