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Diagnosis
exhibitions
The term diagnosis comes from the Greek gnosis,meaning knowledge. It is the process of determining the nature of a dia or disorder and distinguishing it from other possible conditions.
The diagnosis process is the method by which health professionals lect one dia over another,identifying one as the most likely cau of a person’s symptoms.Reaching an accurate conclusion depends on the timing and the quence of the symptoms,past medical history(PMH),risk factors for certain dia,and a recent exposure to dia.The physician,in making a diagnosis ,also relies on various other clues such as physical signs,nonverbal signals of distress,and the results of lected library and radiological and other imaging tests.From the large numbers of tests obtained,a list of possible diagnos can be determined.which are referred to as the differential diagnosis.
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MEDICAL HISTORY
The medical history of a patient is the most uful and important element in making an accurate diagnosis,much more valuable than either physical examinations or diagnostic tests.The medical interview is the process of gathering data that will lead to an understanding of the dia and the underlying physiological process.
A complete medical history consists of an accout of :(1) the prent illness ,(2) past medical history ,(3) family history ,(4) occupational background ,(5) psychosocial history ,and (6) a review of body systems.
easy goPHYSICAL EXAMINATION
The physical examination adds information obtained by inspection, palpation, percussion,and auscultation.
Inspection
A wide array of sophisticated instruments are available to assist with examinations,but a well-performed visual inspection can often reveal more information. Inspections should b
egin with the patients’ general appearance, the state of nutrition, symmetry, and posture. Wasting and hallmarks of poor nutrition may indicate chronic dia; poor grooming or slack posture may suggest depression or low-esteem. The physican then proceeds to more specific examination of the skin---looking for redness or other signs of infection,hair loss,nail thickening , and moles or other areas of pigmentation--and inquires about any recent changes in skin lesions that could indicate early cancer. Inspection also should encompass, in particular, areas that the patient normally could not be able to e,such as the scalp ,the back and the buttocks.
Palpation
burglars Palpation is the act of feeling the surface of the body with the hands to determine the characteristics of the organs beneath the surface .It can be performed with one hang or two and can be light or deep. Light palpation is ud to detect tenderness , muscle spasm,or rigidity of the abdomen is ud to determine the size of the liver ,spleen ,or kidneys and to detect an abnormal mass.
Palpation also is ud to detect and evaluate abnormal lesions in the breast,the prostate gland ,the lymph nodes ,or the tests. Palpation also can detect cardiac enlargement if the point of maximal impul (PMI) of the heart is farther to the left than normal.
Percussion
Percussion is a diagnostic procedure ud to determine the density of a part by tapping the surface with short ,sharp blows and evaluating the resulting sounds .In the abdomen it can be ud to detect fluid (ascites) ,a gaous distention of the intestine as occurs in bowel obstruction ,or an enlargement of the liver .It is ud most often to evaluate the chest in ca of pneumonia emphyma.
Auscultation
Auscultation is performed with a stethoscope to evaluate sounds produced by the heart ,the lungs ,the blood vesls ,the bowels .Listening to the sound of air passing in and out of the lungs can be uful in detecting an obstruction ,as in asthma ,or an inflammation ,as in bronchitis or pneumonia .
MENTAL EXAMINATION
Psychological dysfunction and stress-related illness are a significant problem in today’s society. Anxiety and depression reprent the two most common mental disorders and are responsible for a high degree of morbidity and mortality.
The most common anxiety disorders are panic disorder,generalized anxiety disorder,post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)11,phobic disorder,and obssive-compulsive disorder(OCD)12.There is a clo association between panic disorder and depression,and a large percentage of persons suffering from panic disorder go on to experience a major depression within the the next few years. Major depression13 and other mood disorders such as dysthymia,bipolai disorder14,and cyclothymia are common and very treatable forms of psychiatric problems.
TESTS AND DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
Laboratory Tests
audience
toux Laboratory tests can be valuable aids in making a diagnosis, but, as screening tools for detecting hidden dia in asymptomatic individuals,their ufulness is limited.The value of a test as a diagnostic aid depends on its nsitivity and specificity.
throughout
With the advent of automated analyzers, an incresing number and variety of tests were made available at greatly reduced cost. A panel of chemical tests for blood and urine have become routine components of the basic medical workup.Blood analysis and urinalysis are ud to detect and measure a variety of substances. There also exist a variety of specific types of analys, including immunologic blood tests, gluco tolerance tests15,genetic tests, and toxicology tests,all of which can provide valuable diagnostic information.英语专业四级成绩查询
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