TheCauofCancer（导致癌症的原因）
The Cau of Cancer
Cancer, as a lifestyle issue, is considered as one of the most deadly dias worldwide, which has an impact on quantities of respects of life. The most terrible damage this issue does, however, is to economy as itkilled and disabledmillions of people,causing $895 billion economic loss in 2008 (Rijoand Ross2010). There are four main caus of cancer. First, tobacco u (often known as smoking) is the most significant cancer risk factor in the world.About 86% to 90% of deaths from cancer are a result of active cigarette smoking(United StatesPublic Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General and Office on Smoking and Health2004: 39).Tobacco smoke contains more than70different cancer-causing substances, which will enter the lung and spread around the rest of the body when people inhale smoke. It has been shown that the chemicals can damage DNA and change important genes, which caus cancer by making cells grow and multiply out of control. For example, almost nine in ten cas of lung cancer, which has one of the lowest s
urvival rates of all cancers, and is the most common cau of cancer death, are caud by the increa ofmutant cells associated with chemicals from smoking(Cancer Rearch UK 2012). Moreover, it is not only related to lung cancer, but many other types of cancer as well. The risks of over a dozen other cancers including cancers of the mouth, larynx, pharynx (upper throat), no and sinus, oesophagus, liver, pancreas, stomach, kidney, bladder, cervix and bowel, as well as one type of ovarian cancer and some types of leukaemia are raid by smoking. There is also some evidence that smoking could increa the risk of breast cancer (Cancer Rearch UK 2012).
The cond cau of cancer is unlimited alcohol u (usually known as drinking), which is considered as a rious factor. It has been found that every increment of 10 grams per day of alcohol rais the risk of breast cancer in women by 9% andabout389100 cas of cancer as well as 232900 deaths fromcancer worldwide in 2002are attributable to alcohol drinking (Boffetta et al 2006: 884–887 and百度翻译器下载
巴郎Smith-Warner et al 1998: 535-540). After alcohol enters your liver, it is converted into a to
xic chemical called acetaldehyde, which is one of the main reasons why we get hangovers and have a headache in the morning. However, acetaldehyde does rious damage to the DNA and stops cells from repairing this injury, which will cau liver cells to grow faster than normal. The regenerating cells are more likely to pick up changes in their genes that could result in cancer (Cancer Rearch UK 2009). Moreover, alcohol abu is not only associated with liver cancer, but also many other types of cancer. A causal connection has been established between unlimited alcohol u and cancer, such as cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, prostate, oesophagus, colon, rectum and in women, breast (Boyle et al 2003: 973–1005). For instance, compared with women that drink no alcohol, women who drink 35-44 grams of alcohol per day have an incread risk of breast cancer of 32 %and tho who drink between 30 and 60 grams of alcohol per day, incread their risk of colorectal cancer by 26% while tho who consumed more than 60 grams per day incread their risk by 64%(Collaborative group on hormonal factors in breast cancer 2002: 1234-1245 and Ferrari et al 2007: 2065-2072).
Recommendations
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Thus, one of the most effective waysfor people to prevent themlves from cancer is to give up smoking, which is an action of saving lives. Avoiding condhand smoke is another way to prevent cancer. Secondhand smoke is the smoke exhaled from a smoker or a lit cigarette, pipe or cigar containing more than 60 known cancer-causing chemicals(Fayed2009), which will do even more harm than smoking.The third way of preventing cancer is to stop drinking or at least u alcohol with a limitation. If a personcan totally stopusingalcoholunlimitedly, the risk of prostate cancer will be decread by 33% when compared to tho who drink 1 drink per month to 3 drinks per month and the rate of risk will be reduced by 65% and 85% whencompared to tho who drinkbetween three drinks per week and one drink per day and between one and three drinks per day (Sesso,Paffenbarger, and Lee2001: 749-755).
List of References
Boffetta, P., Hashibe, M., La Vecchia, C., Zatonski, W., Reh m, J. (2006) ‘The Burden of Cancer Attributable to Alcohol D rinking’. International Journal of Cancer 119: 884–887
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Boyle, P., Autier, P., Bartelink, H., Balga, J., Boffetta, P., Burn, J., Burns, H.J., Christenn, L., Denis, L., Dicato, M., Diehl, V., Doll, R., Franceschi, S., Gillis, C.R., Gray, N., Griciute, L., Hackshaw, A., Kasler, M.,Kogevinas, M., Kvinnsland, S., La Vecchia, C., Levi, F., McVie, J.G., Maisonneuve, P., Martin-Moreno, J.M., Bishop, J.N., Oleari, F., Perrin, P., Quinn, M., Richards, M., Ringborg, U., Scully, C., Siracka, E., Storm, H., Tubiana, M., Tursz, T., Veronesi, U., Wald, N., Weber, W., Zaridze, D.G., Zatonski, W., zur Haun, H.(2003)‘European Code Against Cancer and scientific justification: third version’. Annals of Oncology14, 973–1005
Cancer Rearch UK (2012) Smoking and Cancer [Online] available
from [23 November 2012]
小站Cancer Rearch UK (2009) How Does Alcohol Cau Cancer?[Online] available from [28 November 2012]
英语自我介绍范文Collaborative group on hormonal factors in breast cancer (2002) ‘Alcohol, Tobacco and B
reast Cancer- Collaborative Re-analysis of Individual Data from 52 Epidemiological Studies including 58,515 Women with Breast Cancer and 95,067 Women without the Dia’. British Journal of Cancer 87, 1234-1245
Fayed, L.(2009)Top 10 Ways to Prevent Cancer: Simple Lifestyle Changes Can Help to Prevent Cancer[Online] available
from [21 November 2012]
Ferrari, P., Jenab, M., Norat, T., Moskal, A., Slimani, N., Oln, A., Tjonneland, A., Overvad, K., Jenn, M.K., Boutron-Ruault, M.C., Clavel-Chapelon, F., Morois, S., Rohrmann, S., Linin, J., Boeing, H., Bergmann, M., Kontopoulou, D., Trichopoulou, A., Kassapa, C., Masala, G., Krogh, V., Vineis, P., Panico, S., Tumino, R., van Gils, C.H., Peeters, P., Bueno-de-Mesquita, H.B., Ocké, M.C., Skeie, G., Lund, E., Agudo, A., Ardanaz, E., López, D.C., Sanchez, M.J., Quirós, J.R., Amiano, P., Berglund, G., Manjer, J., Palmqvist, R., Van Guelpen, B., Allen, N., Key, T., Bingham, S., Mazuir, M., Boffetta, P., Kaaks, R., R iboli, E. (2007) ‘Lifetime and Baline Alcohol Intake and Risk of Colon a
contrarynd Rectal Cancers in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)’. International Journal of Cancer 121, 2065-2072nba>英语qq名字
