第一章
1.word : 1简单意义：a word is a minimal unit/form in/of a ntence 2.完整意义：a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.
2.vocabulary 定义四个要素：1.refer to the total number of the words in a language.2.it can stand for all the words ud in a particular historical fer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possd by an individual person. 4个要素：language, time, space, person.
millo
3.sound and form 1.关系：the symbolic connection neinis almost always arbitrary and conventional. 2.more and more different 原因：1,the number of alphabet cannot describe the English sounds one by one.2, sounds develop faster than the written form.3.the scribes deliberately change the written form for being easily recognized.4.the printing machine fixed the written form.5.borrowed words make the gap wider.
4.motivation分类：1.onomatopec motivation.(Refers to the motivated aspect of motivation which means the words are created by imitation the natural sounds or noi. 2. morphological motivation (refers to the motivated aspect of motivation which means the words created by using existing language materials ,as roots, affixes, etc).3.mantic motivation(refers to the motivated aspect of motivation in which the new meanings are given to existing words by mental assaiations.4.etymological motivation(refers to the motivated aspect of motivation by which the new meanings can directly tell the origin of the word.)
4.word meaning 分类： 4. “All national character” is the most important of all the features that may differentiate words of common u from all others.
basic word stock基础词汇：1.all national character(全民性，必须有)2.stability 3.productivity 4.polymy(一词多义)5.collocability(可搭配性) –
5．Nonbasic vocabulary. 1。terminology，术语(this refers to the formal words that ud by scientists in their rearch.)2.jargon，行话(refers to the informal words ud
bluejeans
by people of the same trades as tnt是什么意思workers, farmers, technicians, etc. in their work.)3.slang，俚语(refers to the informal words that usually ud by young people in their daily activity. The words of this category are usually coined from a 小区英文normal or daily-life words and are short-lived, otherwi they will become idioms.)4argot，黑话。(refers to the informal words that are usually ud by criminals in their “work”(communication inside the group)5.dialectal words方言词。(refers to the informal words that are ud in English by people from the same country.)6.archaism，古语(refers to informal or learned words ud by scholars in their literary rearch)6.neologism，新词
6.content words 和 functional words的区别。Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words. (They are nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.)Functional words do not have notions of their own, they are known as form words.区别：functional words are the words that are more important in u in grammatical meaning than in lexical meaning; content word, are the words that are full both in grammaticaleach是什么意思 and lexical meaning. Pronoun既不是实词也不是虚词。
7.borrowed words.定义：borrowed words are the words borrowed from other languages after the ttlement of Anglo-Saxon into England. 特征。(globalenglish1. Neutral in style) 2 frequent in u. 1) denizens.（are the borrowed words borrowed in the early stage of English history and are well assimilated into English.）2) aliens (托福词汇下载are the borrowed words that still keep their original sound and spelling) 3) translation loans (are the borrowed words that borrowed in 2 steps: first translating the word then borrowing the word into English.) 4. Semantic loans (are the borrowed words that borrowed in 2 steps: first borrowing the meaning of foreign language and then pat the meaning into existing English words.)
Native words: Anglo-Saxon words: native words are not native in fact but words brought to Britain in the fifth century by German tribes: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, thus known as Anglo-Saxon words. (11)
第二单元
1. The five Romance languages, namely, Portugue, Spanish, French, Italian and Roumanian.(finally comes to the Germanic family language). First, we have edinburgh4 northern European languages (Scandinavian language): Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedishthe promi,+ then comes to 4( German, Dutch,, Flemish and English.)languages.
2. Development: 1, Old English(450-1150): 1.ttlement of Anglo-Saxon-----Anglo-Saxon dialects-----5th century-----daily life word. 2. Introduction of Roman Catholic Church-----Latin-----6th century----daily life words and religious words.3.invasion of Vikings-----Scandinavians------9th century----daily life and military words.2.Middle English (1150-1500): 1.norman conquest: French---12th century----daily life and political words. Latin----12th century -----academic and scientific words.2.Foreign trade----Dutch----15th century-----foreign trade words.3.Modern English (1500-1700-up to the prent): 1.Renaissance: ----Latin, Greek. ----16th century----academic, scientific, and literary words.2.industray revolution----all the languages in the world-----18th century.----grammer,analytic.
