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关于学习西方文化的见解,看法,想法,学到了什么,英文版演讲文章
The culture of France and of the French people has been shaped by geography, by profound historical events, and by foreign and internal forces and groups. France, and in particular Paris, has played an important role as a center of high culture and of decorative arts since the venteenth century, first in Europe, and from the nineteenth century on, world wide. From the late nineteenth century, France has also played an important role in modern art, cinema, fashion and cuisine. The importance of French culture has waned and waxed over the centuries, depending on its economic, political and military importance. French culture today is marked both by great regional and socioeconomic differences and by strong unifying tendencies.Culture, whether in France, Europe or in general, consists of beliefs and values learned through the socialization process as well as material artifacts.Culture guides the social interactions between members of society and influences the personal beliefs and values that shape a person's perception of their environment: "Culture is the learned t of beliefs, values, norms and material goods shared by group members. Culture consists of everything we learn in groups during the life cour-from infastubborn
adgncy to old age."[3]The conception of "French" culture however pos certain difficulties and presuppos a ries of assumptions about what precily the expression "French" means. Where as American culture posits the notion of the "melting-pot" and cultural diversity, the expression "French culture" tends to refer implicitly to a specific geographical entity (as, say, "metropolitan France", generally excluding its overas departments) or to a specific historico-sociological group defined by ethnicity, language, religion and geography. The realities of "Frenchness" however, are extremely complicated. Even before the late nineteenth century, "metropolitan France" was largely a patchwork of local customs and regional differences that the unifying aims of the Ancien Régime and the French Revolution had only begun to work against, and today's France remains a nation of numerous indigenous and foreign languages, of multiple ethnicities and religions, and of regional diversity that includes French citizens in Corsica, Guadeloupe, Martinique and elwhere around the globe.The creation of some sort of typical or shared French culture or "cultural identity", despite this vast heterogeneity, is the result of powerful internal forcessuch as the French educational system, mandatory mbluff
ilitary rvice, state linguistic and cultural policies and by profound historic events such as the Franco-Prussian war and the two World Wars which have forged a n of national identity over the last 200 years. However, despite the unifying forces, France today still remains marked by social class and by important regional differences in culture (cuisine, dialect/accent, local traditions) that many fear will be unable to withstand contemporary social forces (depopulation of the countryside, immigration, centralization, market forces and the world economy).In recent years, to fight the loss of regional diversity, many in France have promoted forms of multiculturalism and encouraged cultural enclaves (communautarisme), including reforms on the prervation of regional languages and the decentralization of certain government functions, but French multiculturalism has had a harder time of accepting, or of integrating into the collective identity, the large non-Christian and immigrant communities and groups that have come to France since the 1960s.The last fifty years has also en French cultural identity "threatened" by global market forces and by American "cultural hegemony". Since its dealings with the 1993 GATT free trade negotiations, France has fought for what it calls tarrangements
he exception culturelle, meaning the right to subsidize or treat favorably domestic cultural production and to limit or control foreign cultural products (as en in public funding for French cinema or the lower VAT accorded to books). The notion of an explicit exception françai however has angered many of France's critics
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The French are often perceived as taking a great pride in national identity and the positive achievements of France (the expression "chauvinism" is of French origin) and cultural issues are more integrated in the body of the politics than elwhere (e "The Role of the State", below). The French Revolution claimed universalism for the democratic principles of the Republic. Charles de Gaulle actively promoted a notion of French "grandeur" ("greatness"). Perceived declines in cultural status are a matter of national concern and have generated national debates, both from the left (as en in the anti-globalism of José Bové) and from the right and far right (as in the discours of the National Front).According to Hofstede's Framework for Asssing Culture, the culture of France is moderately individualistic and high Power Distance Index.Now, the interracial blending of some native French and newcomers stands as a vibrant and boasted feature
of French culture, from popular music to movies and literature. Therefore, alongside mixing of populations, exists also a cultural blending (le métissage culturel) that is prent in France. It may be compared to the traditional US conception of the melting-pot. The French culture might have been already blended in from other races and ethnicities, in cas of some biographical rearch on the possibility of African ancestry on a small number of famous French citizens. Author Alexandre Dumas, père possd one-fourth black Haitian descent, and Empress Jophine Napoleon who was born and raid in the French West Indies from a plantation estate family. We can mention as well, the most famous French singer Edith Piaf who grandmother was a North African from Kabylie
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