Unit7
Part One
A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians who economies the war had destroyed.
the girl is mineIt was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid 1980s Americans had found themlves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. （Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July.）Foreign made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America's machine tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making
lagerfeldof miconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.
All of this caud a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid 1980s brought one inquiry after another into the caus of America's industrial decline. Their sometimes nsational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overas.
How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious caus as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. "American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted," according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. "It makes me proud to be an American just to e how our business are improving their productivity," says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as "a golden age of business management in the United States."
1. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II becau ________.
[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal
[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before
[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors
[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy
管理者的职责2. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American ________.
[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market
[B] miconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterpris
[C] machine tool industry had collapd after suicidal actions
[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market
3. What can be inferred from the passage?
[A] It is human nature to shift between lf-doubt and blind pride.
[B] Inten competition may contribute to economic progress.
国务委员是什么意思[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.
[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development.
4. The author ems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the ____
柯南剧场版16 第11位前锋[A] turning of the business cycle [B] restructuring of industry
[C] improved business management [D] success in education
Unit 7 （2000） Part1
重点词汇：
1．handicap （v.阻碍；使不利）←hand+i（n）+cap，据说源⾃古代⼀种赌博：将罚⾦置于帽⼦⾥，⼿进⼊帽⼦抽签，抽中者处不利地位。cultural handicap ⽂化障碍；language handicap 语⾔障碍。
2．unparalleled（⽆可⽐拟的）←un+parallel+ed；parallel（n.v.a.平⾏；相似）即para+llel，para-前缀“在旁边”=beside，llel 三个l看作是“平⾏线”。parallel points in the characters of different men 不同⼈的个性的相同之处。
3．prosperous（繁荣的）←prosper（v.繁荣）+ous；prosperity←prosper+ity名词后缀。T
predominance（优势）即pre+domin+ance，pre-“在前”，domin词根“⽀配”（如dominate→domin+ate动词后缀→⽀配；占优势），-ance名词后缀；predominant（占优势的；起主要作⽤的）←pre+domin+ant形容词后缀。the predominant feature of sb.'s character 某⼈性格的主要特征。forever friend
4．nsational ?（感动的；引起轰动的）即ns（e）+ation+al，n词根“感觉”，-sation名词后缀，-al形容词后缀。nsational literature 令⼈激动的作品；a nsational crime 骇⼈听闻的罪⾏。
attribute （属性v.归因于）即at+tribute，at-（=to），tribute词根“给”，于是“把属性给某物”→归因于；contribute（v.贡献；捐献；投稿）即con⼀起+tribute，“⼀起给”→捐献→引申为“投稿”。
5．executive?（执⾏的；执⾏官）可看作exe+cut+ive，exe即“可执⾏⽂件”后缀名，cut切，-ive后缀，“执⾏（exe）官的任务是——如果你不听话，就把你cut掉”。The business system is blesd with a built-in corrective, namely, that one executive's mistakes become his competitor's asts.商界
有⼀条天然的校正法则，即：决策者的失误会变成竞争对⼿的资产。executive — a person who always decides; sometimes he decides correctly 管理⼈员——总在做决定的⼈；有时候他也能做出正确决定。
6．productivity （⽣产率）即produc（e）+tiv（e）+ity，produce⽣产，-tive形容词后缀，-ity名词后缀。rai the labour productivity 提⾼劳动⽣产率。
7．impetus（n.推动；推动⼒）可看作im+pet+us，im-即in-（in-在p前变形为im-），pet宠物，us我们，宠物（pet）⾥⾯（im）有我们（us）的动⼒（impetus）。the primary impetus behind the economic recovery 促使经济复苏的主要推动⼒。
8．manifest ?（明⽩的；v.表明）看作man+if+est，man男⼈，if是否，est形容词级，“男⼈是否最明⽩”。No amount of could deter tho who wanted to believe from believing.⽆论明显的荒唐有多⼤……都⽆法阻⽌那些由于相信⽽相信的⼈。
8．withdraw（v.撤销；缩回；提取）←with+draw，with-（=back, against），draw拉，“拉回来”。
9． restructure （v.重组）←re+structure，re-再=again，structure（v.n.构造）。The past has revealed to me the structure of the future.过去向我揭⽰了未来的结构。
drawstring10．at a loss 不知所措；
11．on the ropes 岌岌可危；
12．take sth. for granted 认为理所当然；
bec考试13．quick-witted 机智的；
14．think-tank 智囊团。
英国留学的条件
难句解析：
① A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force.
该句是⼀个并列句，由前后两个转折关系的分句组成，其间的连词为but。but与后⼀个分句之间⼜插⼊⼀个由if引导的条件状语if properly handled，该状语原来是⼀个if引导的条件状语从句，即if it（a history of long and effortless success） is properly handled，其中的it is由于和该分句的主句部分主谓语⼀致⽽被省略掉了。
本句结构⽐较简明，只需注意but与it may become a driving force之间的if结构是⼀个插⼊语，并且是⼀个省略了主语和系动词的被动语态。此外handicap意为“不利条件”。
② Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the
dreams of the Europeans and Asians who economies the war had destroyed.
前⼀句中its workers the most skilled是⼀个伴随状语，省略了其中的being，补齐成分后应为its workers being the most skilled。后⼀句中beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians作prosperous的状语，beyond为介词，是“超越，超出”的意思。⽽who economies the war had destroyed作定语从句修饰the Europeans and Asians，原形是the war had destroyed the economies of the Europeans and Asians。
注意beyond⼀词的意思，它表⽰“在……之外”。
③ For a while it looked as though the making of miconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.
该句带有⼀个表语从句，其表语从句中⼜套有两个并列的定语从句。全句主句部分的主谓结构是it loo
<，as though（即as if好像）引导的从句是looked（看上去）的表语。表语从句中主语为the making of miconductors，谓语为was going to be，⽽逗号之间的两个which从句是the making of miconductors的⾮限定性定语，同时⼜是插⼊语。
注意理解the next casualty的含义，casualty本意为“伤亡”，此处是“被国外产品击败的美国本⼟产业”。
④ Their sometimes nsational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overas.
英语的句式词汇⼀般都⽐较简练，如果将本句⽤中国⼈习惯的语式讲出应该如下：Their sometimes surprising findings about the caus of American's industrial decline are full of the warnings about the growing competition from overas nations. nsational即surprising。另外注意本句的中⼼意思在句末的the growing competition from overas。
⑤ Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious caus as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride.
< to...将……归功或归咎于……。solely作状语修饰attribute，this指代上⼀句中的five years of solid growth，此外as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle作宾语such obvious caus的补语。
yield to是“向……屈服”，即“被取代”。此处使⽤了现在完成时，证明这种状态到现在已成型。
试题解析：
1．【正确答案】 [C]
意为：战争摧毁了多数潜在的竞争国的经济。提问中predominance意为“优势”。第⼀段指出，第⼆次世界⼤战以后，美国进⼊⼀个欣欣向荣的（glowing）发展时期，它拥有⼋倍于其他任何⼀个竞争国家的市场，⼯业经济发展到空前规模，它拥有世界上秀的科学家和技术的⼯⼈。美国的繁荣和美国⼈的富裕⽔平，是欧洲⼈和亚洲⼈做梦也达不到的，因为战争摧毁了他们的经济。
A意为：它已经为实现这⼀⽬标付出了艰苦的努⼒。B意为：其国内市场⽐以前⼤⼋倍。D意为：其劳动⼒（数量）空前的规模促进了经济的发展。
2. 【正确答案】 [D]
意为：汽车⼯业失去了部分国内市场。第⼆段第六句提到，进⼝车和纺织品涌进（美国）国内市场。
A意为；电视⼯业萎缩回到了国内市场（即：该⼯业失去了国际市场）。根据第⼆段，到80年代中期，⾯对其⼯业竞争⼒的⽇益衰退，美国⼈感到⽆计可施（at a loss），美国某些⼤的⾏业——如电
⼦消费品——在园际竞争的压⼒下，⾯临萎缩或消亡的威胁。到1987年为⽌，美国仅存的电视制造商只有Zenith⼀家了（现在已荡然⽆存：Zenith于7⽉份（指⽂章写作年代的7⽉份）被韩国LG电⼦有限公司购买）。这⾥并没有直接提到美国电视失去国际市场，事实上，它连国内市场也保不住了。B意为：半导体⾏业被外国公司接管。第⼆段最后⼀句提到，在⼀段时间内，半导体制造业似乎要成为下⼀个受害者，虽然美国是半导体的发明者，⽽且半导体⼜处于新的计算机时代的核⼼位置（即：在新的时代中起着关键作⽤）。本句中casualty意为“伤亡”、“受害者”，与上⼀句中be on the ropes（美语俚语，意为“即将完蛋”）相照应。这⾥所说的是半导体制造商似乎（as though）要失去国内外市场．⽽不是被国外企业接管。C意为：机床制造业⾃取灭亡。第⼆段提到了机床制造业“即将完
蛋”（on the ropes）。这显然也是说它正在失去国内外市场，并未提到它的灭亡是由其⾃⾝原因造成的。
3【正确答案】. [B]
意为：激烈的竞争可能促进经济的发展。第三段提到，严峻的现实（this指上⼀段中提到的诸多现状）使美国⼈失去了⾃信，他们不再认为繁荣是⾃然⽽⾄的事，他们开始认识到⾃⼰的经营⽅式存在严重问题（failing）。在80年代中期，他们开始挖掘美国经济衰退的原因，他们有时有些惊⼈的（nsational）发现，其中往往提⽰⼈们警惕外来竞争。第四段提到了90年代的经济复苏。其中的含
义是：在竞争的压⼒下，美国⼈在80年代进⾏了⾃我反思和产业结构调整，因此带来了90年代的经济复苏。老友记mp3打包下载
A意为：在⾃我怀疑和盲⽬骄傲之间摆来摆去是⼈的本性。（即：⼈倾向于在这两种⼼态之间摇摆）。C意为：经济的复苏取决于国际间的合作。D意为：长期的成功可以为进⼀步的发展铺平道路。
4. 【正确答案】 [A]
意为：经济周期的转机。在第四段，作者指出，截⽌到1995年，美国已经经历了五年的稳定（经济）增长，⽽⽇本却在困境中挣扎，但是，美国⼈并不将这⼀增长看做是美元贬值或经济周期的转机等明显的因素直接带来的，⽽是由⾃我怀疑变为盲⽬的骄傲。这⾥作者实际上对当前美国⼈的盲⽬乐观情绪进⾏了批评，认为，90年代的增长是由美元贬值或经济周期的转机等因素造成的。
B意为：产业结构的调整。根据Richard Cavanaugh的看法，美国经济的持续增长是由产业结构的调整造成，他认为美国的产业正在“节⾷”（go on a diet），正在变得更加理智。但这并不是作者的观点。参阅第四段。C意为：经营管理的改善。根据Stephen Moore的看法，美国的经济正在提⾼其⽣产率。但这也不是作者的观点。参阅第四段。D意为：教育上的成功。
全⽂翻译：
⼀段长时间并且不费⼒⽽成功的历史可能成为⼀种可怕的不利因素，但若处理得当，这种不利因素也有可能转化为⼀种积极的推动⼒。⼆战结束后，美国恰好进⼊了这样的⼀个辉煌时期，当时，它拥有⽐任何竞争者⼤8倍的市场，这使其⼯业经济具有前所未有的规模经济。美国的科学家是世上秀的，它的⼯⼈是最富于技术的。美国的国富民强是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧亚诸国做梦也⽆法达不到的。
随着其他国家⽇益强盛，美国的这⼀优势地位逐渐下降是不可避免的。从优势地位上退出的痛苦也同样是不可避免的。到了80年代中期，⾯对其⽇益衰退的⼯业竞争⼒，美国⼈感到不知所措。⾯对国外竞争，⼀些⼤型的美国⼯业，如消费电⼦产业，已经萎缩或渐渐消失。到1987年，美国只剩下Zenith这⼀家电视⽣产商。（现在⼀家也没有了：Zenith于当年7⽉被韩国LG电器公司收购。）外国制造的汽车和纺织品正在⼤举进⼊国内市场。美国的机床⼯业也即将灭亡。⼈们曾⼀度感觉下⼀个在海外品牌⾯前全军覆没的似乎该轮到美国的半导体制造业了，⽽在新计算机时代有着核⼼作⽤的半导体正是美国⼈发明的。
所有这⼀切导致了信任危机。美国不再视繁荣为理所当然之事。他们开始相信⾃⼰的商业经营⽅式不灵了，也相信不久他们的收⼊也会因此⽽下降。80年代中期，⼈们对美国⼯业衰退的成因作了⼀次⼜⼀次的探寻。在美国⼈那些有时耸⼈听闻的发现中充满着对其他国家⽇益增长的经济竞争的警告之词。
情况的变化真快！1995年，当⽇本还在奋⼒拼搏的时候，美国却可以对5年的稳固发展作⼀回顾了。没⼏个美国⼈将这⼀巨变单纯归因于美元贬值或商业周期循环这些显⽽易见的原因。到如今，对⾃⾝的怀疑已被盲⽬乐观所取代。“美国的⼯业已经改变了结构，消除了滞胀，学会了明智”，这是哈佛⼤学肯尼迪管理学院⾏政院长理查德?卡佛纳的看法。华盛顿特区的智囊团——卡托研究院的史蒂芬?莫尔说：“看到我们的企业正在提⾼⾃⾝的⽣产率，作为⼀个美国⼈，我感到⾃豪。”哈佛商学院的威廉?萨尔曼相信⼈们将会把这⼀时期视为“美国企业管理的黄⾦时代。
