新标准⼤学英语综合教程第⼆单元readingpracti
Anger is a negative emotion. But, like being happy or excited, feeling angry makes people want to ek rewards, according to a new study of emotion and visual attention. The rearchers found that people who are angry pay more attention to rewards than to threats—the opposite of people feeling other negative emotions like fear.
Previous rearch has shown that emotion affects what someone pays attention to. If a fearful or anxious person is given a choice of a rewarding picture, like a xy couple, and a threatening picture, like a person waving a knife threateningly, they will spend more time looking at the threat than at the rewarding picture. People feeling excited, however, are the other way—they will go for the reward.
But nobody knows whether tho reactions occur becau the emotions are positive or negative, or becau of something el, says Brett Ford of Boston College, who wrote the study with Maya Tamir, also of Boston College, and four other authors. "For example," she says, "emotions can vary in what they make you want to do. Fear is associated with a motivation to avoid, whereas excitement is associated with a motivation to approach. It can make you want to ek out certain things, like rewards." The rearch is published in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science.
For her study, Ford focud on anger. Like fear, anger is a negative emotion. But, like excitement, anger motivates someone to go out and get rewards. First, participants in the study were assigned to write for 15 minutes about one of four memories in their past: a time when they were angry, afraid, excited and happy, or felt little or no emotion. A five-minute piece of music reinforced whichever emotion the participant had been assigned. Then they completed a task in which they had to examine two side-by-side pictures. An eye-tracking device monitored how much time they spent looking at each picture.
Angry people spent more time looking at the rewarding pictures. "Looking at something is the first step before the thoughts and actions that follow," says Ford. "Attention kicks off an entire string of events that can end up influencing behavior." The people who felt happy and excited also looked more at the rewarding photos, but the two groups might act differently—an angry person might be motivated to approach something in a confrontational or aggressive
way, while a happy person might go for something they want in a nicer way—by collaborating, being sociable and friendly. 1.When people feel frightened, more attention is paid to
________________.
specialA. negative emotions
B. positive emotions
C. threats
D. rewards
2.What is known in the previous rearch mentioned in
Paragraph 2?
A. Anxious people pay more attention to threats.
the esntial 55
B. Excited people pay more attention to threats.
C. Attention to threats or rewards is determined by emotion.
D. Attention to threats or rewards may vary from person to
person.
3.According to Ford, ________________.
A. similar emotions always produce similar reactions from
people
online libraries
B. anger, like excitement, makes people pay more attention to
rewards
C. negative emotions are related to a motivation to approach
strlen
D. positive emotions are related to a motivation to avoid
4.The participant in Ford's study ________________.italian怎么读
A. listened to a piece of music to help produce a special
emotion
B. looked at two pictures when they have a specific emotion or
no emotion at all
C. record the length of the time they spent looking at pictures
Questions 6 to 10 are bad on the following passage or dialog.
chairmanDogs are prone to bouts of envy and refu to play if they are not treated fairly, scientists have found. The animals stopped
cooperating with rearchers and began to show signs of distress if they were not offered the same tasty rewards given to other dogs, the study showed.
Affronted dogs refud to offer their paws when invited to and began scratching and yawning, indicating that their stress levels were rising, the scientists report. The finding suggests that dogs ma
y share the n of fairness en in other social animals that engage in cooperative behavior, such as monkeys.
Some scientists believe a n of justice could be crucial for social animals and may have played a role in the evolution of cooperation. Experiments led by Friederike Range at the University of Vienna tested how pairs of dogs reacted when each was given a different reward —either a piece of bread, some sausage, or nothing —in return for offering a paw to rearchers.
In one of the tests the first dog was given a piece of bread as a reward, while the cond received nothing. When the test was
repeated a number of times, the dog that got nothing quickly began to display what appeared to be envy. When the dogs were tested on their own, they continued to offer a paw even if they were not given a reward, suggesting they only became distresd if they thought they were being treated unfairly.
"It tells us that dogs are nsitive to unequal rewards. Is it envy; is it a n of fairness? It's hard to say, becau a lot
depends on how
you define tho words," said Range. The rearchers conclude, D. were made to become angry, excited and happy, or felt little or no emotion
5.
What is illustrated in Ford's study?
A. Angry people tend to get something they want in an
uncooperative way.
B. Excited people tend to get something they want in a
threatening way.
2018江苏高考英语试卷C. Both angry people and excited people focus on rewards
becau rewards are nicer.
D. Both angry people and excited people have a ries of action in a similar way.
"Our results suggest that species other than primates (灵长⽬动物) show at least a primitive version of inequity aversion." They now plan to test wolves in the same way.
Last year, Frans de Waal at Emory University in Atlanta conducted similar experiments on capuchin monkeys (卷尾猴). In this ca, the monkeys were trained to give small stones in return for an edible treat. When de Waal tried to give out the treats unfairly, by offering some monkeys cucumbers instead of tastier grapes, the monkeys either refud the food, or took it and threw it on the floor.
6.Dogs will not cooperate well when rearchers
________________.
A. give them no food after their play
B. give them the same food as the other dogs
C. treat them in different ways
D. treat them in the same way as the other dogs
7.What does the word "affronted" (Line 1, Para 2) most probably
mean?
A. confronted
B. ashamed
C. lazy
D. angry
8.According to experiments led by Friederike Range, which of
the following findings is right?
A. Dogs usually behave themlves without realizing the existence of unfairness.
B. Dogs usually become mirable with the existence of unfairness.
C. Compared with monkeys, dogs are more likely to become envious.
D. It is true that dogs are similar to monkeys in that they share the n of fairness.
9.Which kind of animals have been proved to share the same
n of fairness as dogs?
A. wolves
B. capuchin monkeys
C. human beings
D. cooperative wolves
六级成绩分布
10.What's the main idea of the passage?
A. Dogs will have negative feelings when they find they are
treated unfairly.
B. Dogs have a strong n of fairness, which is quite similar
to wolves.
教育部留学学历认证C. Dogs react to unfair treatment very well becau of their
n of fairness.
D. Dogs hate inequality even since the primitive times, unlike
capuchin monkeys.
Questions 11 to 15 are bad on the following passage or dialog.
Experts at University of Washington have warned that the way modern technology has been breaking people's connections with the natural world may give ri to a major psychological problem. We are a technological species, but we also need a deep connection with nature in our lives, said Peter Kahn, a UW developmental psychologist.
Kahn and two of his UW graduate students, Rachel Severson and Jolina Ruckert, explored how humans connect with nature and technological nature. Writing in the current issue of the journal Current Directions in Psychological Science, the rearchers revealed that they looked at the psycho
logical effects of interacting with various forms of technological nature and explore humanity's growing estrangement (疏远) from nature. They even cited an earlier experiment that showed that people recovered better from low level stress by looking at an actual view of nature rather than eing the same real-time high-definition television scene displayed on a plasma (等离⼦) window.
"What do we compare technology to? If we compare it to no nature, technological nature works pretty well. But if we compare it to
actual nature, it doesn't em to provide as many psychological benefits," Kahn said.
They have also talked about a study that showed that compared to interacting with a real dog, children's interactions with robots were not as social or deep. Robots and virtual pets are beginning to replace children's interactions with biologically live pets.
The larger concern is that technological nature will shift the baline of what people perceive as the full human experience of nature, and that it will contribute to what we call environmental generational amnesia (环境失忆症), Ruckert said.
Kahn added that poor air quality is a good example of physical degradation. We can choke on the air,
and some people suffer asthma (哮喘), but we tend to regard that as a pretty normal part of the human condition.
11.Serious psychological problems may ari becau
________________.
A. people are increasingly isolated from nature
B. technological nature has governed every aspect of human
being's life
C. human beings have become a technological species
D. modern technology has developed too fast for humans to
形近字
catch up with
12.According to Paragraph 2, which of the following statement is
true?
