1. General summary of Chine Literature编制英文
It is the boast of the Chine that their literature has the longest uninterrupted tradition among all the literatures of the world. This unique historical continuity of which the patriotic Chine are justly proud, must have filled conscientious students with despair and even annoyance. Like certain ladies, Chine literature has too much past, too much altogether for the comfort of a historian exhausted in the effort to be exhaustive. A period of more than two thousand five hundred years is a big slice of eternity, and even when the teeth of time have done their worst, an enormous amount of good pro and poetry still remains and spreads joy in wide commonalty. Beginning at a time almost contemporaneous with the heyday of Greek literature, Chine literature had wound without haste and without rest across the ages, unfolding new aspects, developing new forms and techniques, complacently lf-sufficient though not inaccessible to occasional good things out of Nazareth or rather India, and ignoring the passing away of the Graeco-Roman antiquity as well as the ri of literatures of modern European languages until its smooth cour was rudely checked by the New Chine Literature Movement in 1917. As a great German poet
oceaniconce said, “every literature ends by being bored with itlf, if foreign curiosities do not arrive to refresh it.” Since then, Chine literature has looked outward to foreign literatures, English, French, German, Russian, Scandinavian and even Japane, for model and inspiration rather than backward to its own classics. But the New Literature in spite of foreign debts contracted and foreign influences submitted, is at its best as homemade, as racy, as the Old Literature.
The mighty flow of Chine literature rembles the forever flowing Yangtze River. This flow of literature has been surging on for millennia. Dating back o 1,000 B.C. the four ancient civilizations of China, India, Israel and Greece produced simultaneously lyrics in different forms and for different purpos. The lyrics in India and Greece told tales like lengthy novels and dramas. The lyrics in china and Israel centered on topics of human life and religion. Like the three other ancient civilizations, the first lyrics in china forecast the track of the development of its literature in the succeeding millennia. Henceforth, poems—lyrical poems have been the orthodox genre of the Chine literature. In the surging Chine literary flow, the Chine ancestors lected the conci, reverberating lyric poems as a medium to give vent to their naive ntiments and unsophisticated ideals. The lyric-poem type literary works have become the mainstream of the cour of progress of Chine literature. The lyrical tradition has permeated also the Chine pro, drama and novel, and has become the common literary consciousness of generations of Chine literati. So, this can be credited as the foremost characteristic of Chine literature.
职称英语考试 Furthermore, this lyrical characteristic has also permeated other art forms. Poetry has not only dominated the field of literature , but also affected the modeling art , painting, decoration of architecture (e.g. , the couplets put up on the pillars of edifices and the doors of houholds during the Spring Festival ) , and handicraft . (from the “Complete works of Wen Yiduo”.) At the same
time, the Chine language cannot but be affected by the general background of the Chine culture. The Chine philosophy is of the political-ethical type, emphasizing how to behave properly and how to “govern the country”. The Chine literature emphasizes the behaviors of the people, “how to support the good conduct of the people.” The “Introduction to the Book of Poems” stated. “Nothing is as effective as poetry for commending merits, for moving Heaven and Earth, and for influencing ghosts and deities. The virtuous ancestral kings ud poems to encourage pr
oper relations between husbands and wives, filialness of children to parents and to promote ethics, education and good customs.” The words stresd clearly the u of poems in politics and ethics. Liu Xie also said that literature had three social functions, viz, “Literature is good for political teachings.” “Literature is good for recording history.” And “Literature is good for cultivating the moral character.” Liu Die’s words reprented the esnce of the traditional Chine literature. The mutual permeation of literature and philosophy often caud the literary men in the ancient days to be at the same time ideologists and statesmen.
dp是什么意思This mutual permeation also caud the interdependence between he philosophical and political theories on the one hand, and the methods for creating literary works and for founding the literary schools on the other hand. For instance, realism in literature is often connected with Confucianism as its curlyphilosophical basis. Romanticism in literature is bad partly on the Doctrine of Master Lao and partly on Buddhism. Both the metaphysical poems and the wandering-deity poems in the Eastern Jin Dynasty emerged under the influence of the Yellow Emperor-Master Lao Doctrine. A number of anti-feudalist novels and dramas emerged in the Ming and Qing Dynasties under the influence of the theories of the left win of the Wan Yangming School. The narrative literature that flourished in the Tan Dynasty emerged under the direct influence of the Buddhist scriptures. Many deity dramas in the Yuan Dynasty derived directly from the Daoist legend. The other art forms also influenced literature very remarkably. The primeval art form in China was a unification of poetry, music and dance. Later although the Chine classic poetry progresd on the way of independent development, yet it incorporated the vividity of the painting and the fluidity of the music. The Chine literature also absorbed the multi-perspective method of painting and sculpture to express the characteristics of things. This contributes to the traditions of literary creation and literary appreciation, including depicting the subjective through the perspectives of the objective, and depicting emotions and ntiments through the perspectives of the circumstance. In fine, the unique characteristic of the Chine culture results from the mutual influences among the various forms of art. It is the aggregation of their different characteristics, which is also the national characteristic of the Chine literature.
.cooperation 西安日语培训The Chine literature “has not only left a mark of its characteristics and its spirit of blending thought and form” (words by Bielinsky), but also is known in the world for their continuity. The Chine literature surges on like the mighty Yangtze River and gives a lasting artistic charm. It began with primitive legends, and proceeded with the “Book of Poems”. The “Songs of the South” , the essays of the Pre-Qin scholars , the “rhyme pro” of the Han Dynasty , the poems and essays in the Wei-Jin period , the Tang poems , the Song poems , the Yuan dramas and the Ming and Qing novels . In the cour of veral thousand years, one literary form ro and fell; another literary form loomed and submerged, as a ries of successive surges of a flowing river, forming a quite resplendent phenomenon in the history of literature in the world. As there were o many literary forms, only a few most important form are lected for explanation below
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博士英语2. Book of Poems
mini cChine literature is characterized by a long tradition of realism. The “Book of Poems”, compiled two thousand and five hundred years ago, was the earliest realistic literature of China.
The “Book of Poems” was an anthology of the poems and songs appearing between the early Zhou Dynasty (the eleventh century B.C.) and the middle of the Spring-Autumn Period (the sixth and venth centuries B.C.); collected around the sixth century B.C. Altogether the anthology contained three hundred and five poems. In the light of the rhythms , the anthology was divided into three ctions : the Feng ction (the ction of ballads) , the “Ya” ction (the ction of festival songs) , and the “Song” ction (the ction of prais). The “Feng” poems were the native ballads of the various . states . The “Ya” . poems were music pieces in the territory of the Zhou Kings . The “Song” poems were eulogies to ghosts and deities and to meritorious deeds , often sung along with dances . This book has rich contents and knowledge , and aesthetic values in various aspects .
