Introduction to Chine Civilizations
1.The Yellow Emperor
The Yellow Emperor or Huangdi (also transliterated as Huang-ti and Hwang-ti) is one of the legendary Chine sovereigns(君主) and culture heroes included among the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors. Tradition holds that Huangdi reigned from 2697 to 2597 or 2696 to 2598 BC. Huangdi's cult（崇拜） was particularly prominent（著名的） in the late Warring States and early Han period, when he was portrayed as the originator of the centralized state, a cosmic（宇宙的） ruler, and a patron（保护人） of esoteric（机密的） arts. Traditionally credited with numerous inventions and innovations（创新）, the Yellow Emperor is now regarded as the initiator（创始人） of Chine civilization, and said to be the ancestor of all Huaxia Chine.
幅度英文2.Beijing Man
美国历史
Peking Man (Chine: 北京猿人; pinyin: Běijīng Yuánrén), Homo erectus(直立人) pekinensi
s, is an example of Homo erectus. A group of fossil specimens（样品） was discovered in 1923–27 during excavations（挖掘出的古迹） at Zhoukoudian (Chou K'ou-tien) near Beijing (written "Peking" before the adoption of the Pinyin romanization system), China. More recently, the finds have been dated from roughly 750,000 years ago,。
3.Oracle bones
Oracle bones 奖学金英文(Chine: 甲骨; pinyin: jiǎgǔ) are pieces of shell or bone, normally from ox scapulae （牛的肩胛骨）implement意思or turtle plastrons（海龟的贝壳）, which were ud for scapulimancy（肩胛骨占卜术） or plastromancy（占星术）, respectively – a form of divination （预言）– in ancient China, mainly during the late Shang dynasty By the Zhou dynasty, cinnabar ink and brush became the preferred writing method, resulting in fewer carved inscriptions and often blank oracle bones being unearthed.
The oracle bones bear the earliest known significant corpus of ancient Chine writing and contain important historical information such as the complete royal genealogy
（王室谱系）of the Shang dynasty. When they were discovered and deciphered（破译）scientology in the early twentieth century, the records confirmed the existence of the Shang, which some scholars had until then doubted.
4.Anyang
Anyang city is an ancient city with a history of over 3,000 years and is one of the Eight Ancient Capitals of China. It is one of the key birthplaces of Chine ancient culture. Here are the primitive(原始的) caves of 25,000 years ago, the overlapping（重叠） strata （岩层）of theaground Yangshao Culture, Longshan Culture and Xiaotun Culture, the memorial mausoleums of ancient Emperor Zhuanxu and Emperor Ku over 4,000 years ago, the first library of inscriptions on bones and tortoi shells, the birthland of Zhou Yi. And Simuwu Ding was also found in Anyang.
5.The Duke of Zhou
The Duke of Zhou was a member of the Zhou dynasty who played a major role in consol
idating (统一)the kingdom established by his elder brother Wu. He was renowned in Chine history for acting as a capable and loyal regent for his young nephew King Cheng and successfully suppresd （镇压）a number of rebellions（叛逆）, placating （安抚）the Shang nobility with titles and positions. He is also a Chine culture hero credited with writing the I Ching and the Book of Poetry, establishing the Rites of Zhou（周礼）, and creating the yayue of Chine classical music.
gore6.Mandate of Heaven(天命)
The Mandate of Heaven is a traditional Chine philosophical concept concerning the legitimacy（正统的） predicated(基础) on the conduct of the ruler in question. The Mandate（授权） of Heaven postulates（假定） that heaven would bless the authority of a just ruler, as defined by the Five Confucian Relationships, but would be displead with a despotic ruler （暴君）and would withdraw （拿走）its mandate（任期）, leading to the overthrow of that ruler. The Mandate of Heaven would then transfer to tho who would rule best. The mere fact of a leader having been overthrown is itlf indication that he has lost the Mandate of Heaven.
. The concept of the Mandate of Heaven was first ud to support the rule of the kings of the Zhou Dynasty, and their overthrow of the earlier Shang dynasty. It was ud throughout the history of China support the rule of the Emperors of China, including 'foreign' dynasties such as the Qing Dynasty.
7.Spring and Autumn Period
The Spring and Autumn Period was a period in Chine history that took place from approximately 771 until 476 BC (or by some authorities until 403 BC) in the alluvial plain（冲积平原） of theexpected是什么意思Yellow River, the Shandong Peninsula and the river valleys of the Huai and Han. It roughly corresponds to （相当于）the first half of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Its name comes from the Spring and Autumn Annals, a chronicle（编年史） of the state of Lu between 722 and 479 BC, which tradition associates withhand hold 英语单词速记法口诀Confucius. The period can also be further divided into three sub-periods:
8.the warring state period
Lasting from 475 A.D. to 221 A.D., the warring state period is one of the most important period time of the entire Chine civilization. The warring state period witnesd the most vere and long-lasting national cession,when the vassal states fought against each other.This period of time was amid the Spring and Autunm period and the Qin Dynesty.During this period of time, hundred schools of thought aroud, with economic and techenical development.
