2003年张剑黄⽪书考研英语真题与解析
2003年全国攻读硕⼠学位研究⽣⼊学考试英语试题
Section I U of English
Directions：
Read the following text. Choo the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C OR D on ANSWER SHEET 1.
(10 points)
Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give rious 1 to how they can best 2 such changes. Growing bodies need movement and 3 , but not just in ways that emphasize competition. 4 they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially lf-conscious and need the 5 that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are 6 by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be 7 to plan activities in which there are more winners than lors, 8 ，publish
ing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, 9 student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide 10 opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful 11 dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the 12 of some kind of organization with a supportive adult 13 visible in the background.
In the activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have 14 attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized 15 participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to 16 el without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants 17 . This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. 18 they can help students acquire a n of commitment by 19 for roles that are within their 20 and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.
1. [A] thought [B] idea [C] opinion [D] advice
2. [A] strengthen [B] accommodate [C] stimulate [D] enhance
3. [A] care [B] nutrition [C] exerci [D] leisurejason collins
4. [A] If [B] Although [C] Whereas [D] Becau
5. [A] assistance [B] guidance [C] confidence [D] tolerance
6. [A] claimed [B] admired [C] ignored [D] surpasd
7. [A] improper [B] risky [C] fair [D] wi
8. [A] in effect [B] as a result [C] for example [D] in a n
9. [A] displaying [B] describing [C] creating [D]
exchanging
10. [A] durable [B] excessive [C] surplus [D] multiple
11. [A] group [B] individual [C] personnel [D] corporation
12. [A] connt [B] insurance [C] admission [D] curity
13. [A] particularly [B] barely [C] definitely [D] rarely
14. [A] similar [B] long [C] different [D] short
15. [A] if only [B] now that [C] so that [D] even if
16. [A] everything [B] anything [C] nothing [D] something
17. [A] off [B] down [C] out [D] alone
18. [A] On the contrary [B] On the average [C] On the whole [D] On the other hand
19. [A] making [B] standing [C] planning [D] taking
20. [A] capability [B] responsibility [C] proficiency [D] efficiency
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
possible是什么意思Text 1
Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Inter net. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War Ⅱ and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game” of espionage—spying as a “profession.” The days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and nding mail, is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well.
The latest revolution isn’t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen’s e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it “open source intelligence,” and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential.
In 1995 the CIA held a contest to e who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open-Source Solutions，who clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.
Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm bad in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by lling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-rvices firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at.
Straiford president George Friedman says he es the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster’s dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. “As soon as that report runs, we’ll suddenly get 500 new internet sign-ups from Ukraine,”says Friedman, a former political science professor. “And we’ll hear back from some of them.” Open-source spying does have its risks, of cour, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That’s where Straitford earns its keep. Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He es the firm’s outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford’s briefs don’t sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.
21. The emergence of the Net has .
[A] received support from fans like Donovanem
[B] remolded the intelligence rvices
[C] restored many common pastimes
[D] revived spying as a profession
22. Donovan’s story is mentioned in the text to .
[A] introduce the topic of online spying
[B] show how he fought for the US
[C] give an episode of the information war
[D] honor his unique rvices to the CIA
23. The phra “making the biggest splash” (line 1,paragraph 3) most probably
means .
[A] causing the biggest trouble
[B] exerting the greatest effort
[C] achieving the greatest success英语大课堂
[D] enjoying the widest popularity
24. It can be learned from paragraph 4 that .
[A] straitford’s prediction about Ukraine has proved true
[B] straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information
[C] straitford’s business is characterized by unpredictability
[D] straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information
25. Straitford is most proud of its .
[A] official status
[B] nonconformist image
rasputin[C] efficient staff
[D] military background
Text 2
To paraphra 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cau is that good people do nothing.”One such cau now eks to end biomedical rearch becau of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their u in rearch. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, who arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical rearch becau it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care rearch. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in rearch ttings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.
For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to u anything that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she oppod immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal rearch. When assured that they do, she replied,“Then I would have to say yes.” Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Don’t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.” Such well-meaning people just don’t understand.
Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way—in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal rearch and a grandmother’s hip replacement, a father’s bypass operation, a baby’s vaccinations, and even a pet’s shots. To tho who are unaware that animal rearch was needed to produce the treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal rearch ems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.
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Much can be done. Scientists could “adopt”middle school class and prent their own rearch. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Rearch institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, becau the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health rearch community should actively recruit to its cau not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal rearch, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing, there is a
real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.
26. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke’s words to .
英文歌曲排行[A] call on scientists to take some actions
[B] criticize the misguided cau of animal rights
[C] warn of the doom of biomedical rearch
[D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement
27. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in rearch is .
[A] cruel but natural
[B] inhuman and unacceptable
[C] inevitable but vicious
[D] pointless and wasteful
28. The example of the grandmotherly woman is ud to show the public’s .
[A] discontent with animal rearch
[B] ignorance about medical science
[C] indifference to epidemics
[D] anxiety about animal rights
29. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights
advocates, scientists should .
[A] communicate more with the public
[B] employ hi-tech means in rearch
[C] feel no shame for their cau
[D] strive to develop new cures
30. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is .
[A] a well-known humanist
[B] a medical practitioner
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[C] an enthusiast in animal rights
[D] a supporter of animal rearch
Text 3
In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a ries of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.
Supporters of the new supersystems argue that the mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated rvice. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.
staiThe vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are rved by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such“captive”shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cas. Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It's theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.“Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who los in the marketplace?”asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently reprents shipper.
Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increas. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion
bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increa their grip on the market.
31. According to tho who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely
becau .
[A] cost reduction is bad on competition.
[B] rvices call for cross-trade coordination.
[C] outside competitors will continue to exist.
[D] shippers will have the railway by the throat.
32. What is many captive shippers' attitude towards the consolidation in the
rail industry?
[A] Indifferent.
[B] Supportive.
[C] Indignant.
[D] Apprehensive.
33. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that .
[A] shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad.
[B] there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide.舞池
[C] overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief.
[D] a government board ensures fair play in railway business.
34. The word “arbiters”(line 7,paragraph 4)most probably refers to tho .
[A] who work as coordinators.
[B] who function as judges.
[C] who supervi transactions.
[D] who determine the price.
35. According to the text, the cost increa in the rail industry is mainly
caud by .
[A] the continuing acquisition.
[B] the growing traffic.
[C] the cheering Wall Street.
[D] the shrinking market.
Text 4
It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small won
der. Americans’life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death—and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.
Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it’s uless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians—frustrated by their inability to cure the dia and fearing loss of hope in the patient—too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.
