被动句的英译

更新时间:2023-06-05 11:22:36 阅读: 评论:0

汉语和英语都有主动语态和被动语态之分,可是对于两种语态的运用不尽相同。一般来说,英语里运用被动语态的频率明显高于汉语。从句法角度看。英语重形合,注重句法结构和表达形式。当主动式不便于表达时,出于造句的需要或修辞的考虑,往往采用被动式,除此之外,从文体的角度看,某些文体较多使用被动句,以迎合其表达的需要。
昨晚我盖了两条被子。(不说昨晚我被两条被子盖着惯用语
Last night I was covered up with two quilts.
困难克服了,工作完成了,问题也解决了。
The difficulties have been overcome, the work has been finished and the problem solved.
风刮倒。 The tree was blown down by the wind. 李强演讲与口才树刮倒了。The wind blew down the tree.
人杀害了。She was killed. 有人她杀害了。 Someone killed her. 
敌人的阴谋揭穿了。The enemy’s plot was expod.
我们敌人的阴谋揭穿了。We expod the enemy’s plot.
……不公平英文”式,是较古的被动式,与现代的被动式结合,即为……,如:
茅屋为秋风所破。The Thatched hou was destroyed by the autumn storm.
她被花言巧语所陶醉。She is intoxicated with sweet words.
……式,即表示状态的静句,通常可以与表示动作的动句互相转换,如:
这些产品是我国制造的。The products are made in our country.
风速是用秒米表示的。The speed of wind is expresd in metres by cond.
“……的是式,一般可以与是(由)……式互相转换,如:
推荐我的是一位教授。I was recommended by a professor.
接见他的是一位秘书。He was received by a cretary.
羚羊的英文
“……加以/予以式,组成倒置的动宾结构,如:
这个问题将在下一章加以讨论。This question will be discusd in the next chapter.
这必须在适当的时候予以处理。It must be dealt with at the appropriate time.
日语谐音汉语要表达某种客观、间接和非人称的口气,往往不用被动式,而用上述的无主句、主语省略句、主语泛称句以及其他句式。英译时要使用被动式,以迎合某些表达的需要。
所谓语态转换,是指翻译中汉英两种语言之间的主动式与被动式的互换。在汉语中被动式使用较少,叙述一种行为的时候,常用主动式。英语则不然,大量的及物动词可以用被动式,不少相当于及物动词的短语也可以用被动式。英语中使用被动式比汉语多。
这儿讲的是英语。English is spoken here.
这项工作完成多久了? How long has the work been done?
这本书已经翻译成中文了。This book has already been translated into Chine.
凤姐还欲问时,只听二门上传出云板,连叩四下,将凤姐惊醒。(《红楼梦》)Before Xifeng could ask more she was woken with a start by four blows on the chimebar at the cond gate.
汉语的被动句子,从结构上来说,大体可分为两类:一类带有表达被动意义的标记;另一类则不带这种标记;普通而常见的最后一类。不论属于哪一类,英译时基本仍可运用被动语态。
带有被动标记的汉语被动句
这类句子,一般表示较强的被动意义,着重于被动的动作。此类句子可按英语的惯常用法,相应地翻译成英语的被动句子。汉语这一类被动式,用助词tcm等为标记。
海外华侨现在不再被人轻视了。Over-as Chine are no longer looked down upon.
他被选为学生会主席。He was elected Chairman of the Students’ Union.
她深受大家的尊敬。She is greatly respected by everyone.
窗上的玻璃叫那个孩子打破了,他一定要挨骂的。The window pane was broken by the child; he will certainly be scolded.
这东西已被新机型取代不再生产了。It’s no longer in production and had been replaced by our new model.
bk是什么意思余新江像怒视着特务一样,看着对面的粉墙,过了好一阵,才转过头告诉甫志高:digitalcamera两个纵火的特务,当场被抓住以后,供认出他们放火是奉了西南长官公署第二处的命令!(被动语态仍翻译为被动形式)Yu Shin-chiang glared at the walll as if the two arsonists were standing there in front of him after a long pau, he said to Fu Chih-kao: “The two cret agents were caught red-handed. They confesd that they had started the fire on orders from the Secod Department of the Southwest Bureau.”
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有些被动句用    ,后加谓语动词来表达被动意义,例如:
社会主义思想体系已为全国人民所接受。Socialist ideology has been accepted by the people of the whole country.
他的一位朋友被匪徒所杀害。One of his friends was killed by bandits.
还有些被动句是用加以予以等词后加谓语动词来表达被动意义的。例如:
这个问题必须在适当的时候以适当的方式予以处理。The problem must be dealt with by appropriated means at an appropriate time.
但是,还必须指出,并不是所有带被动标记的句子都一定要翻译成英语的被动式。有时也有例外。必须首先考虑所选的英语动词的特点、习惯用法以及上下文关系等,然后再决定用什么语态。比如老太太被风吹病了。这个句子,若翻译成The old lady was blown sick by the wind.就不妥。翻译成The old lady fell ill becau of the draught.才符合英语表达习惯。又如下文中译文中的被动式就没有按原结构翻译,而是改译成英语主动式,这样,上下文联系得更为紧密,并避免了头重脚轻的毛病
不带被动标记的汉语被动句
这类句子在形式上一般都有主语,也有动词,但是主语在实际上是谓语动词的动作承受者,而不是执行者。动作执行者并未出现。这种句子结构上为主动句,而含义上是被动句。
这一类被动句在汉语中大量存在,英译时一般也要用被动语态来处理。例如:
这座桥将在今年年底建成。The construction of the bridge will be completed by the end of this year. (under examination/ consideration/ construction)
知识分子问题就是在这样的基础上提出来的。On such a basis has the question of the intellectuals been raid.
有些问题还需要澄清。Certain questions have yet to be clarified. (Certain questions need clarifying.)
这个问题正在研究。The problem is now being studied. (or: The problem is now under consideration.)
运费包括在价格里。The shipping charges are included in the price.
    不过,汉语中的这种类型的句子,同样不是绝对必须用英语被动式来处理的。
汉语被动句的英译
:汉英语言特征的简单比较:
汉语是表意(ideographic)文字;英文是拼音(alphabetic)文字。汉语是分析型(analytic)语言,其典型特征是汉字没有曲折变化(inflection);汉语还是粘着型(agglutinative)语言,词的组合凭借词素的粘着,如光(+明)光明+正大)光明正大;”“惩(+治)惩治+腐败+→官员)惩治腐败官员。所以,汉语的被动句使用得较少,或者句子中较少出现诸如edfa等字眼。在汉语句子中,即使不说明施事者,主动意义和被动意义也不至于混淆。英文属于分析型(analytic)和综合型(synthetic)语言,其典型特征是通过词的曲折变化,如名词的单复数、动词的过去式、分词,以及助动词的组句功能来实现其表意功能。上述的简单对比告诉我们,在进行汉英和英汉翻译时,句式的合理转换是实现达意、顺畅的基本要素之一。
:将汉语被动句翻译成英文时,实现句式转换的几个技巧。
㈠汉语句子中使用被动字,翻译成含有“by(in)…”短语的英文被动句。例如:

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