托福阅读段落组织结构
chernobyl
托福阅读---段落内容的组织结构
近几年的托福阅读文章难度逐步增大，这种难度主要体现在四方面：词汇，句式，衔接和篇章。在同学们攻克了词汇和语法关后，就要学会从宏观上来把控文章，所以今天我们就衔接方面的内容和大家进行探讨。
衔接主要是段落内部及段落之间通过何种方式进行语义连接。我们今天通过借鉴官方指南书中的文章来基本了解段落内部的组织结构。
1 分类式（classification）
cinderella什么意思
例子
Many people have to communicate and work with members of other cultu res, and social skills training is now being given to some of the who are about to work abroad. Intercultural communication is necessary for ver al kinds of people.变形金刚英文
Tourists are probably the largest group, though they stay for the shortest periods and need to master only a few simple situations…
这个段落是典型的分类式写法，把需要进行跨文化交流的人分成几类，接下来分别描述，首当其冲的就是旅游者。pile
郑州会计
官方指南
1）Dertification is accomplished primary through the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation and the subquent accelerated erosion of soil by wi nd and water. (P)
cathy是什么意思In some cas the loo soil is blown completely away, leaving a stony sur face. In other cas, the finer particles may be removed, while the sand-siz ed particles are accumulated to form mobile hills or ridge of sand. (I)
这段内容是一个典型的总分结构，即point + illustration。观点很明显是说沙漠化的原因是植被消失，土壤侵蚀。接下来的论证时进一步补充说明植被消失之后，土壤可能会碰到的状况，分成了两种情况。一种情况松散的土壤完全被吹
走，还有一种情况小颗粒被带走，沙子大小的颗粒聚集成沙山，进而逐步累积形成沙漠化。
2）Expanding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressure t o provide them with land and fuel. (P)
In wet periods, the land may be able to respond to the stress. During the dry periods that are common phenomenon along the dert margins, t he pressure on the land is often far in excess of its diminished capacity to, and dertification results. (I )
这个段落同样讲沙漠化的原因，内部也是总分结构，说的是人变多，土地的压力增大这个原因。然后分情况强化论点，天气湿润还行；天气干燥，土地就没法处理这种人口压力，会导致沙漠化。
3）Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to t he dertification process: over cultivation, overgrazing, firewood gath ering and over irrigation.
文章之后则是分别阐述每一个活动为什么造成沙漠化。
2020河北省什么时候开学其他信号词总结：英语四级预测作文
uid是什么意思Categories; classification; groups; parts; types; characteristics; elements; ki nds; sorts; ways; class
2 比较对比式（Comparison and Contrast）比较式
Elephants are the biggest land creatures on Earth, and among the smartes t and most endearing. In their lives and social dynamics they remble hu mans in many ways.
文章开头谈到remble，表明之后的文章会把大象同人作比较。
这一小段文章的topic 是jealousy 和envy 两词的区别。然后进行对比论证，同时辅以举例论证。举例十分的形象。以后我们就知道了，当我们和男朋友讨论恋爱史时，他如果满脸笑容的谈到说他的上一任是刘亦菲时，你的内心很有可能会同时经历两种情感。你嫉妒（envy）那个前女友，那么纯洁美丽；同时你更嫉妒（jealous）他的一脸笑容，那满足的神情，因为你觉得这可能会破坏你们的恋爱关系。
其他信号词总结：
Although, however, on the other hand, as oppod to, in contrast to, rathe r than, but, instead, unlike, converly, nevertheless, whereas, difference, o n the contrary, yet, different
官方指南
1 With the advent of projection in 1895-1896, motion pictures became the ultimate form of consumption. Previously, large audience had viewed spect acles at the theatre. But the movie differed significantly from the other f orms of entertainment, which depended on either live performance or in t he ca of slide-and-lantern shows the active involvement of a master cere monies who asmbled to final program.
本文是在讲投影技术出现之后，电影成了消费形式。之后的论证部分通过对比指出电影的本质是不需要现场演出或者是大师的积极参与。
2 But rearch findings on the ufulness of catharsis are mixed. Some stu dies suggest that catharsis leads to reduction in tension and a lowered like lihood of future aggression. Other studies, however, suggest that letting so me steam actually encourages more aggression later on.
探讨的是catharsis （泻药）的用途，当然实际是指发泄（vent aggression）的效用。这一小段内部大方向上说是分类结构，不过这个分类的实质是正反对比的两种理论：一些认为发泄会减少紧张，另一些认为会进一步鼓励攻击性行为。网上翻译
