Definition of Rhetoric修辞
1) The art of using words in speaking or writing so as to persuade or influence others.
2) The art of effectively using language in speech or writing, including the u of figures of speech.
3) Rhetoric is the theory of informative and persuasive discour.
4) Rhetoric is a kind of art which deals with how to mairpulate language effectively.
5) What make an effective choice between two synonymous expressions.
6) d aRhetoric should study the misunderstanding in human communication and find a solution to it.minary
Historical Background of Rhetoric
About 23 centuries ago, during the time of Aristotle(亚里士多德) in Greece, rhetoric was con
sidered as one of the few.In Aristotle’s Rhetoric it embraced only the following three subjects capable of systematic treatment, namely:
1. the possible sources of proofs古语翻译 2 茄子的英文the style 3 The right ordering of the parts of a speech
It remained so all through the Middle Ages. Even down of the 18th century it was not much changed.
◆ John Locke(English philosopher of late 17th century): Rhetoric was the science of oratory.
What Rhetoric Treats About Today
Rhetoric is considered to consist of the combination of two sciences, the science of logic and vikathe science of grammar.
Both logic and grammar deal with the expression of thought.
1. Logic deals with the law of thinking; its aim is to determine what quences of thought are sound and lf-consistent.
2. Grammar deals with the forms, inflections, and choice of words and their relation to each other in phras, claus(分句), or ntences.
Rhetoric is therefore called the art of adaptation(适应性).
Francis Christenn:
✧ Grammar maps out the possible; Rhetoric narrows the possible down to the desirable and effective.
✧ Grammar is law of the language , considered as language.glad
Two types of rhetoric:Communicative rhetoric Aesthetic rhetoric
In Chine civilization, rhetoric has been primarily written, not oral, due to regional differences in language.
Complete ntence & Sentence fragmentsFor example: It was raining hard, he 厕所英文(He)kept on running in the field.
Analysis
● A complete ntence begins with a capital letter and ends with a period.
● Punctuation
● Comma, colon:
● Period. Question mark?
● Semicolon； exclamation mark!
Types of Sentences
1. Declarative(陈述), interrogative(疑问), imperative(祈使), and exclamatory(感叹) ntence (function)
2. Simple, compound(复合), complex(碧昂丝的歌复杂), and compound-complex ntences (structure)
● A simple ntence has only one subject and one predicate-verb, but it may contain more than one object, attribute or adverbial.有一个主语和一个predicate-verb,但它可能包含一个以上的对象、属性或状语。
A compound ntence consists of two or more independent claus related to each other in meaning, and linked by a coordinating conjunction or by a micolon. 由两个或两个以上独立子句意思上彼此相关,由一个协调和联系连接或以分号。
A complex ntence contains one main clau and one or more dependent claus, with a connective word denoting the relation between the two parts.包含一个主句和一个或多个从属子句,表示一种连接词两部分之间的关系。
● A compound-complex ntence contains at least two main claus and at least one dependent clau.
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Loo, Periodic, and Balanced Sentences (rhetorical)
A loo ntence puts the main idea before all supplementary information.把主要思想在众人面前补充资料。
A periodic ntence puts the main idea at or near the end of it, and it is not grammatically complete until the end is reached.
● A balanced ntence contains two or more parallel claus similar in structure but contrasted in meaning.
Features
● Loo ntences: easier, simple, more natural and direct.
● Periodic ntences: more complex, emphatic, formal, or literary.
● Balanced ntences: impressive and rhythm.
UnityUnity is the first quality of an effective ntence. A unified ntence express a single complete thought.
CoherenceCoherence means clear and reasonable connection between part.
6. Looking outside of the window, the grassland stretches as far as the eye can reach.
①Looking outside of the window, I saw the grassland stretches as far as the eye can reach.
②Looking outside of the window, the grassland stretches endless.
ConcinesConciness: a ntence should contain no unnecessary words.
Emphatic Sentence
1. Short ntences
2. Sentence fragments: one-member(一个成分)
about是什么意思
The sky was overcast. A north wind was blowing. It threatened to rain at any moment. A gloomy day.
