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第三章“语境和词汇”;语境学是现代修辞学的基础,而在言语语境内研究英语词汇恰是英语词汇学的最新内容。本章从词汇的表达文体特点(正式语体和非正式语体、俚语、古语词和新词、隐语、行话)和几种常见功能事物语体的词汇特征进行一个总结性陈述,特别分析了在新词层出不穷的当今,语境对新词的产生和使用既推动又规范的作用,并提出提高用词修养的几个原则,最后总结得出词汇修辞性使用和修辞性意义的根本属性、根本途径、根本特征、根本形式和根本目的。
第四章“修辞原型和修辞幻象”:词汇的修辞性意义背后往往卷裹着人们的原型意识,这种意识是“人类历代积累的心理经验,残存在人的心灵深处,保存和重复出现在神话,传说,仪式,文学和日常语言中。”(叶舒宪1987:14)本文选取了“鹰/蛇”这对具有普遍意义的世界性修辞原型为个案分析,阐述了原型意识对语词修辞意义的规约;修辞幻象是语词对现实的修辞性所指,它具有假定现实的魔力。修辞幻象有历史性积淀也有临时性生成,且可得以到延伸,包括修辞意义的延伸,修辞单位的延伸和主体经验的延伸。
暮光之城音乐第五章“词汇修辞的交际双方”:首先是表达,作者以表现语言性别歧视的词汇表现为切入点,论述了语言表达者的生存状态对其表达权利和表达策略的影响;关于接受,论文的解析角度是对语词意义的修辞性解释和接受自由;词典释义只是对词项抽象化的逻辑板块,能揭示词语的最大外延却无法提供其修辞
bisll意义的丰富性,因此作者从修辞接受的开放性和选择性两个方面突显了主体对语词意义的修辞性解释自由。
第六章“语词的修辞功能”:语词的修辞功能展现在三个层面。辞格层面,词汇辞格是英语修辞手法最重要和最丰富部分,在纷芜繁多的词汇辞格背后有“无意识”和“有意识”,“不熟悉”和“熟悉”以及“不合理”和“合理”三组关系:其次是修辞性文本的建构,设计一个修辞性文本首先必须对主题性语词进行意义的修辞重构;第三个层面是修辞参与人的精神构筑因为人是语言的动物,更是修辞的动物,“人以修辞的语言拥有世界”道出了人的审美化存在方式,这里作者引用汉语的修辞学说以及新修辞学理论关于修辞的社会功能来阐述语言修辞还渗透着语言使用者在追求真理、和谐、同一过程中的人格精神。
论文最后陈述本文赖以创作的语言学和修辞学理论基础,综合论文内容而后得出论文的词汇学研究理论意义和实践价值。
关键词:词汇,修辞,广义分析
Abstract
“AmongallthefiguresinEnglish.thosebeingperformedbywordsareinavery
salientanduniqueposition,notonlybecauserhetoricinitselfhasextensiveknowledgeandprofoundscholarship,butvocabularyisamuchtooastronomicandintegralsystemforlanguages.”(WangRongpei2002:249)Word,beingtheoverflowingcornucopiaforexpressiverhetoric,hasdeservedthemostthorot】lghgoingconcem.Numerousworksandarticlesonlexicalrhetoric,indeed,carenomorethan“dozensoffiguresofspeechina
numeration”or“anexhibitionofpolishinggoodwordswithalistofexamples”,i.e.
manybooksorarticleshavedoneaduplicatedjob.
Rhetoricisanarcaneandmulti—disciplinedsubjectwith2500一year-oldtradition,
whichcanbetracedtotheancientGreco·RomanwhenSo
cratesequatedrhetoricwiththansomekindof“forensicsophistry’’;theprogenitorofmodemrhetoricnothingmore
洋气是什么意思>化妆基础Aristotleadvocatedrhetorictobetheartoforatorypurposingpersuadingaudiencetofollowallorator’Swill;Newrhetoriciansemployed“persuasioninconsciousness”and‘‘identificationinbothconsciousnessandunconsciousness”asthekeytermstodistinguishtraditionalrhetoricandnewrhetoric.
Aclusterofrhetoric.bookslike"AnAdvancedCourseofEnglish
Lexicology”(WangRongpei2002),‘'FiguresandVocabulary”(LiGuonan2002),
Rhetoric’’(Hu"EnglishRhetoric,AnIntroduction”(HuangRen1999)t‘'English
acneShuzhong2004),"BroadSenseRhetoric”(TanXuechun,ZhuLing2001),‘'ModernRhetoric”(WangDcchun2002),etc.havedenouncedabreakthroughinthetraditionalrhetoric,expandingthespectrumoflexicalrhetoric.Thisthesisisarrangedinsixchapters,viewinginbroadnessonageneralsurveyonconceptionofword’rhetoricalword.formation,contextualwords,rhetoricalarchetypesandillusions,rhetoricalwords
andaccepted,functionofrhetoricalwords,ratherthanamerebeingexpressed
enumerationonakaleidoscopeofrhetoricaldevicesinstalleduponwords.Chapterone“multi.dimensionalinterpretationson‘word’’’:So-called‘word’isdefinedfromdifferentanglesandfacets.Firstly,comprehensiveEnglishdictionaries
sentenceaswellasprovideastringofusuallydefinewordsassyntacticunitsina
Englishidiomsinvolvingwordtoequal‘word’with‘language’,referringwhatissaidincontrasttowhatisdone;Inlinguistics,especiallyinlexicology,‘lexeme’ratherthancword’isinlayedwithsomecertainac.ademicallyterminologicalsense,embracinga
dissectionontheouter-structureandinner-structureoflexiconsinphonetics.
morphologyandsemantics;Semanticaestheticsbelievesartisticthoughtcomposesofwordsandtheemergenceofwordsenvelopeshumanbeing’Ssubjectiveeternityuponthepropertiesofobjects.Individualsindifferentsubsistencerelationshipwillpresentandlightenareferentfromindividualizedstand
pointsanditisthisdifferencethatbuildsacornucopiaofwordmeaningwhichisopentobottomlessimplicationsofsigns;Intheplatformofphilosophyoflanguage,Heideggersaid“Languageistherealmofbeing”and“Humanbeingisinrustylanguage”;Wittgensteinexpoundedwordmeaningandhowtousewordswerepresupposedbysituation;I.A.Richards’philosophYofrhetoricdefinedrhetoricas“wordsremovingbarriersincommunicativediscoursesmakevalue”.
Chaptertwo“rhetoricalword—formation’’:Word—formation,beinganimportantsub-branchoflexicologyisalwaystreatedasmerelyouter-structuralmannerstoform
newwords,rhetoricalfunctionbeingneglected.Theauthorselectssixmethodsforword-formation(affixation,composition,conversion,backformatio
n,blending,shorteningandsimulacrum)toillustratethatword-formationrhetoricallyworks.
three“contextualwords’’:Contextualismisthecomer-stoneformodemChapter
rhetoricandtotacklevocabularycontextuallyisthelatesttendencyofEnglishlexicology.Thischapterisaprofiledaccountonthestylisticwords(formalwordsandinformalwords,slang,archaismandneologism,jargonandargot)andseveralfunctionalstyles’featuresindiction;Theauthorinparticularpunctuatessomeregardsonhow
termsnowadaysandfurthermoreproposesfiveprinciplescontextsleavennewly—coined
forrealizingtheaccomplishmentofwording.Theinferencereachedisthattocrystallizethepragmati
cintentionofawordinacertaincontextistheveryrhetoricalfunctionofthatword.
Chapterfour“rhetoricalarchetypesandrhetoricalillusions’’:Someconsciousnessofarchetypemayhidebehindarhetoricalword.‘‘Suchconsciousnessisapsychologicalexperienceimprintedinthedepthofheartgenerationaftergeneration,andrepeatedly
grossmananddailytalks.”(Yeemergesinmythologies,legends,ritualceremonies,literatures
Shuxian1987:14、Theauthorquoteseagle—snakewhichimportsauniversalsignificance
andZhuasthecasestudyafterconsulting"BroadSenseRhetoric”fromTanXuechun
Lingtojellhowconsciousnessofarchetypeimpinge
suponrhetoricalsignificationofwords;Arhetoricalillusionthrougheitherhistoricallyculturalaccumulationorcasual“exigency”maybemagicenoughtomisrepresentreality.Rhetoricalillusionscallbeextendedinrhetoricalmeaning,inrhetoricalunitsandinsubjectum’Sexperience.
Chapterfive“rhetoricalwordslncommunication”:Thischaptertakeslexical
blazersexismasapenetratingpointtoconstruehowanexpresser’slivingstateisimplantedintohisorherentitlementinlanguageandhowthisentitlementisrealizedandasfor
andreceivingaccepting,theauthor’sperspectiveisanaccepter’sfreedomininterpreting
wordmeaningrhetoricallybecausedictionaries’pr
escriptiveinterpretationsaremerelylogicalabstract,thr01=Ighwhich,canhoweverproteanassociationofwordsbeprovided,isnotthefantasticrichnessofrhetoricalmeaningwithinpower,theauthorthereforefocusesontwoclearpropertiesofthefreedomconcerningrhetoricalinterpreting,vizopennessandselectiveness.
Chaptersix‘‘functionofrhetoricalwords”:Thebasicallydefinitefunctionof
rhetoricalwordsistodesigndevicesforembellishment,hiddenbehindwhichisthreegroupsofrelations('‘unconsciousness”and“consciousness'’·“unfamiliarity’’and“familiarity”,“reasonableness”and“unreasonableness”);Arhetoricaldiscourseisconstructedonlyafteritsthematicwordisrhetoricallyreconstructed;Khetoficalwords
constructionofsubjectum’sspiritformanistherhetoricalanimalinrespectofenvelop
theiruniauesymbol-manipulationcapacity,toattestwhich,metaphoristheperfect
颜色搭配 英文convince;TheauthorfinallyblendssomeChineserhetoric—relatedprinciplesinajuxtapositiontoEnglishnewrhetorictoillustratethatparticipants’mentalityismirroredbyrhetoricalwordsforkeepingcommunicativelyempathicidentificationinpursuitoftruth。
Thethesisendsinsomelinguistics.relatedandrhetoric—relatedrationalesonwhichitcangerminate.Asynopticaccountonthewholerangeofthethesisputsforwarditstheoreticalandpracticalvalueforlexicologyandinaddition,theproblemstopropoundarenotneglected.
Keywords:words:rhetoric;broadsense
ChapterOne
Multi·dimensionalInterpretations
on‘WOrd’
Aristotledefinedawordasthesmallestsignificantunitofspeech-·-···-astandingdefinitionacceptedforcenturiesandwasheldswayuntilrecently.Whatiscalled‘word’,indeed,accumulatesavarietyofconceptualizedinterpretationswithindifferentpurviewstakingondiversifiedparlancesrangingfrommacrocosmtomicrocosm,like‘language’,‘vocabulary’,‘lexicaiitem’,‘lexicon’,‘lexeme’,‘lexis’or‘morpheme’.
1.1‘Lexicalitem’indictionaries
‘Lexicalitem’,ratherthan‘word’istheveryunitforcompilingadictionary,
though“Lexicalitemsareoftenreferredto,loosely,as‘words’.”(JohnLyons1977:322)Acomprehensivedictionarywhenprescribingalexicalitemisexpectedtoembraceeightitemsofinformation,i.e.pronunciation,morphology,syntax,semanticmeaning,context,etymologyandusage.AnoverviewedaccountisprofferedinaprofilefromseveraladvancedEnglishdictionaries(Dontheprescriptivedefinitionsof‘word’inacommonsense.
(1)Awordisasoundorcombinationofsounds,representedaslettersorsymbols
formsanusuallywithaspaceoneitherside,whichexpressesameaningand
independentunitofthegrammarorvocabularyoflanguage.Forexample,ltisagi.北大西洋公约
2013年上海高考数学Thosesportscastersareinternationalists.
Eachitem,simple,compoundorcomplex,inthesesentencesisanindependent
anindispensablysyntacticunitthatcannotbedividedfurther,word,functioningas
beatingtheirownsignificance,either‘auto—semantic’or‘syn-semantic’.
(∞Wordisabriefremark,discussionorstatement;orthingsthataresaid,incontrastwithwhataredone,liketheexpressions“inwordsofonesyllable”,1'Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.”.‘‘TheWordofNietzsctie:‘GodIsDead….
(3)“apieceofnews,message,promiseoranorder,etc”;“rumors”;“spokencommands