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Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum and the Terra-cotta Warriors and Hors Muum
Emperor Qin Shihuang (259-210B.C.) had Ying as his surname and Zheng as his given name. He name to the throne of the Qin at age 13, and took the helm of the state at age of 22. By 221 B.C., he had annexed the six rival principalities of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei, and established the first feudal empire in China’s history.
In the year 221 B.C., when he unified the whole country, Ying Zheng styled himlf emperor. He named himlf Shihuang Di, the first emperor in the hope that his later generations be the cond, the third even the one hundredth and thousandth emperors in proper order to carry on the hereditary system. Since then, the supreme feudal rulers of China’s dynasties had continued to call themlves Huang Di, the emperor.
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tuxedoAfter he had annexed the other six states, Emperor Qin Shihuang abolished the enfeoffment system and adopted the prefecture and county system. He standardized legal
codes, written language, track, currencies, weights and measures. To protect against harassment by the Hun aristocrats. Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the Great Wall be built. All the measures played an active role in eliminating the cau of the state of paration and division and strengthening the unification of the whole country as well as promotion the development of economy and culture. They had a great and deep influence upon China’s 2,000 year old feudal society.
Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the books of various schools burned except tho of the Qin dynasty’s history and culture, divination and medicines in an attempt to push his feudal autocracy in the ideological field. As a result, China’s ancient classics had been devastated and destroy. Moreover, he once ordered 460 scholars be buried alive. Tho events were later called in history“the burning of books and the burying of Confucian scholars.”chic
Emperor Qin Shihuang，for his own pleasure, conscribed veral hundred thousand convicts and went in for large-scale construction and had over ven hundred palaces bu
ilt in the Guanzhong Plain. The palaces stretched veral hundred li and he sought pleasure from one palace to the other. Often nobody knew where he ranging treasures inside the tomb, were enclod alive.
Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum has not yet been excavated. What looks like inside could noly be known when it is opened. However, the three pits of the terra-cotta warriot excavated outside the east gate of the outer enclosure of the necropolis can make one imagine how magnificent and luxurious the structure of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum was.
蓬蒿菜No.1 Pit was stumbled upon in March 1974 when villagers of Xiyang Village of Yanzhai township, Lintong County, sank a well 1.5km east of the mausoleum. In 1976, No.2 and 3 Pits were found 20m north of No.1 Pit respectively after the drilling survey. The terra-cotta warriors and hors are
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arrayed according to the Qin dynasty battle formation, symbolizing the troops keeping vigil beside the mausoleum. This discovery aroud much interest both at home and abro
ad. In 1975, a muum, housing the site of No.1 and covering an area of 16,300 square meters was built with the permission of the State Council. The muum was formally opened to public on Oct.1, the National Day, 1979.
recordNo.1 Pit is 230 meters long from east to west, 62m wide from north to south and 5m deep , covering a total area of 14,260 square meters. It is an earth-and-wood structure in the shape of a tunnel. There are five sloping entrances on the eastern and western sides of the pit respectively. The pit is divided into eleven corridors by ten earthen partition walls, and the floors are paved with bricks. Thick rafters were placed onto the walls (but now one can only e their remains), which were covered with mats and then fine soil and earth. The battle formation of the Qin dynasty, facing east. In the east end are arrayed three lines of terra-cotta warriors, 70 pieces in each, totaling 210 pieces. They are suppod to be the van of the formation. Immediately behind them are 38 columns of infantrymen alternating with war chariots in the corridors, each being 180m long. They are probably the main body of the formation. There is one line of warriors in the left, right and west ends respectively, facing outwards. They are probably the flanks and the rear. T
here are altogether 27 trial trench, it is assumed that more than 6,000 clay warriors and hors could be unearthed from No.1 Pit.
No.2 Pit sis about half the size of No.1 Pit, covering about 6,000 square meters Trail diggings show this is a composite formation of infantry, cavalry and chariot soldiers, from which roughly over 1,000 clay warriors, and 500 chariots and saddled hors could be unearthed. The 2,000-year-old wooden chariots are already rotten. But their shafts, cross yokes, and wheels, etc. left clear impressions on the earth bed. The copper parts of the chariots still remain. Each chariot is pulled by four hors which are one and half meters high and two metres long. According to textual rearch, the clay hors were sculptures after the breed in the area of Hexi Corridor. The hors for the cavalrymen were already saddled, but with no stirups.
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No.3 Pit covers an area of 520m2 with only four hors, one chariot and 68 warriors, suppod to be the command post of the battle formation. Now, No.2 and 3 Pits have been refilled, but visitors can e some clay figures and weapons displayed in the exhibiti
on halls in the muum that had been unearthed from the two pits. The floors of both No.1 and 2 Pits were covered with a layer of silt of 15 to 20cm thick. In the pits, one can e traces of burnt beams everywhere, some relics which were mostly broken. Analysis shows that the pits were burned down by Xiang Yu, leader of a peasant army. All of the clay warriors in the three pits held r
