学员编号： 年 级： 课 时 数： 学员姓名： 辅导科目：英语 学科教师： | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
授课类型 | S- summarize | A- ability | S- special | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
授课主题 | 句子成分,句型结构 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
授课日期及时段 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
教学内容 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
句子成分 句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的，表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两部分构成，即主语部分和谓语部分，这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语，定语，状语，表语等。句子成分是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。 英语句子主干 (ntence) = 主语 + 谓语（核心：动词）
【成分1】主语 The Subject 主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示句子所说的是“什么人”或“什么事物”，一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语等充当。主语一般在句首。 例如： The temperature will stay above zero. （名词作主语）“讲述什么” We work in a big factory. (代词做主语） “讲述谁” One and two is three. （数词作主语） 【例题】找出下面句子中的主语，并指出主语是由什么词性或词类来充当的。 1. Tom is a student. 2. He is fat. 3. Students study. 4. We are friends. 【即学即用】分析句子中的主语，并指出主语是由什么词性或词类来充当的。 1. We are students. 2. The bag was lost . 【知识拓展】 There 引起的There be 句型中，be 作谓语，主语位居其后。通常遵从就近原则，谓语动词和离它近的主语保持一致。如：新年快乐用英语怎么说 There are many different kinds of vegetables. There will be a strong wind. 不定式作主语时，常用形式主语it句型 To teach them English is my job. →It is my job to teach them English. 【成分2】谓语The Predicate 谓语对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面，说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或者“怎么样”。谓语（谓语部分里主要的词）必须用动词。谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。 谓语有动词构成，依据其在句中繁简程度可把谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语两类。不论何种时态，语态，语气，凡由一个动词（或动词词组）构成的谓语都是简单谓语。 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。 He practices running every morning. Students study. (学生学习。) 2、复合谓语 （1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。 You may keep the book for two weeks. （2）由系动词加表语构成。 We are students. 单词study妈妈love、practice和are都是动词，study叫做实义动词，are 叫做系动词，在句中作谓语。
【例题】判断句中谓语的中心词 1. She looks very smart and cool. 2. We will finish the job tomorrow. 3. He can speak German. 【即学即用】 选出句中谓语的中心词 ① I don't like the picture on the wall. A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall ② The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D . summer ③ Does she usually go to school by bus? A. Does B. usually C. go D. bus 【知识拓展】 辨别及物动词和不及物动词 秘诀一 及物动词后面直接加宾语，不及物动词后是不能直接加宾语，但有些不及物动词后面加介词或副词之后就可以加宾语了（例如：look 是典型的不及物动词，后面是不能接宾语的，但是如果加上适当的介词就可以跟宾语如look at the blackboard 、look for the child 、look after his mother等等）。 秘诀二 及物动词后面必须加宾语，因为不加宾语，句意就不完整了。 秘诀三 绝大多数动词既可以作及物动词也可以作不及物动词 ，只作及物动词或不及物动词的动词是很少一部分。 【成分3】宾语The Object 宾语是动作、行为的对象，表示动作的承受者和行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当，它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么，通常放在谓语动词后面。有时，会有双宾语。 We play basketball together. I play with him. (我和他一起玩。) 这两句话中单词basketball是名词，单词him是代词，它们在句中作宾语。 【例题】找出句中宾语 I like Chine food. 【解析】句意：我喜欢中国菜。我喜欢什么:Chine food 是这个可以回答什么的词，所以是宾语。 【即学即用】 找出句中的宾语 1 All of us like him. 2 He’s playing soccer. 3 Can I ask some questions? 4 She is playing the piano now. 5 He often helps me. 6 Lucy likes to sleep in the open air. 【知识拓展】 ▲直接宾语和间接宾语 及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语，宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的对象。但有些动词除了直接宾语外，还需要有一个间接宾语，间接宾语表语动作是对谁做的，所以只能用名词或代词来充当。 如： We brought them some food. 主 谓 间宾 直宾 间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面，但必须加to 或 for。 【成分4】定语The Attribute 是用来说明或者限制名词的成分，常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任。形容词放在名词之前，相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词的后面。 This is a red sun.(这是个红太阳.) He is a tall boy.（他是个高个子男孩。） 这两句话中单词red和 tall都是形容词，它们作定语。 Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词） His rapid progress in English made us surprid.（代词） Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语） 【例题】找出句中的定语 I am going to buy a new dictionary. 【解析】句意：我打算买本新字典。new 修饰名词dictionary，作定语。 【即学即用】 找出句中的定语 I have something to do. What’s your name, plea? She’s a good basketball player. The girl behind the tree is my sister. The little boy gave me a big apple. The black bike is mine. They made paper flower. 【知识拓展】 在英语中，并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面，有的是放在被修饰词的后面，故称“后置定语”。 修饰不定代词 something, anything, nothing, something, anyone, somebody, anybody, nobody 的定语必须后置。 We’ll go to have something English. If you don’t know the answer, ask someone el. Do you have anything important to tell me? 介词短语作定语时要后置。 Do you know the boy behind the tree? The students in the room are all my friends. I think the picture on the left is better than the one on the right. 动词的不定式作定语时要后置。 What about something to drink? I have no time to travel to China is in Autumn or in Spring. 注: 动词不定式作主语时，to 后面的动词必须是及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语。如果时短语时，那么与动词搭配的介词或副词是不能少的。 Do you have any piece of music to listen to? nearby, below, downstairs等个别方位词作定语时要后置。 We are at the top of the hill. Can you e the village below? 【成分5】状语 The Adverbial 状语是用来说明动词，形容词，副词或整个句子的成分，常由副词担任。修饰动词时可以放在动词之前，也可以放在动词之后；修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前。可由以下形式表示： The students study hard. (这些学生学习努力。) I often write to him. (我常给他写信。) The bag is too heavy. (这个书包太重了。) 这三句话中单词hard 和often修饰的都是动词，第三句话中单词too修饰的是形容词，它们都作状语。 Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语） He is proud to have pasd the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语） 【例题】找出句中的状语 During this May Day Holiday，all my family visited Zhongshan Park. 【解析】During this May Day Holiday是介宾短语，做时间状语。 【即学即用】找出句中的状语 People are all working hard. Beijing is not very cold in winter. He did it carefully. Without his help, we couldn’t work it out. Suddenly it began to rain. He sat there smoking. 【知识拓展】 副词最常用作状语，位置比较灵活，可置句末、句首和句中。 He speaks the language badly but read it well. 这种语言，他讲得不好，但阅读能力很强。 状语按用途来分，可以分为时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随等。 【成分6】宾语补主语 honesty主谓宾完整但意思未表达完整，加以补充说明。（由动词类别来决定） 通常情况下,主语和宾语前的成分是定语，谓语前的成分是状语，时间词作状语放在句子后面。句子的成分分布如下： （定语） 主语 （状语） 谓语 （定语） 宾语 （状语） 如：(The tall) boy (often) go (to the big) zoo. (The happy) child went (his) home yesterday. His father named him Dongming.（名词） They painted their boat white.（形容词） Let the fresh air in.（副词） You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语） We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语） 【知识拓展】 “宾语+不定式”。充当宾补的不定式有三种： A. 带to的不定式 ，如： The teacher tells us to go home. B. 要求不带to 的不定式 let, make, e, hear, watch等 ，如： The boss made the workers work 12 hours a day. I often hear him read English in his room. C. 单词help 后可加 to 或不加 to 。如： She sometimes helps her mother (to) do houwork. 【成分7】表语The Predicative 用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（be, become, get, look, grow, turn, em等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。 Our teacher of English is an American.（名词） Is it yours?（代词） The weather has turned cold.（形容词） Three times ven is twenty one?（数词） His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词） The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over.（副词） 【例题】挑出句中的表语 The old woman looked very tired. 【解析】句意：老人看上去很疲惫。look 感官系动词，后接形容词作表语，very 副词，修饰形容词，表程度。故tired 作look的表语。 【即学即用】 找出句中的表语 1. 姜目Her mother is a bank clerk. 2. They are at home now. 3. My book is on the desk 4. Everybody is here. 【知识拓展】 感官动词、系动词 look, sound, smell, taste, feel这五大感官动词如果中文意为“看/听/闻/尝/摸起来……”，则为系动词，后面跟形容词作表语。如果意思为“看/听/闻/尝/摸”，后面接名词作宾语，则这里的感官动词为实义动词，后面必须跟副词修饰动词。 以look一词为例： He looked at me happily. (实义动词，“看”，后有宾语me，用副词happily修饰。) He looked happy. （系动词，“看起来……”，后接形容词作表语。） 感官动词后面也可接介词like短语，like后面常用名词。例如： It sounds like a good idea. 自我检测： 1. 指出下例句中主语的中心词 ① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. ② There is an old man coming here. ③ The uful dictionary was given by my mother last year. ④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult. 2. 选出句中谓语的中心词 ① I don't like the picture on the wall. A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall ② The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer ③ Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus ④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon ⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast ⑥ Tom didn't do his homework yesterday. A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework ⑦ What I want to tell you is this. A. want B. to tell C. you D. Is ⑧ We had better nd for a doctor. A. We B. had C. nd D. doctor cast⑨ He is interested in music. A. is B. interested C. in D. music ⑩ Whom did you give my book to? A. give B. did C. whom D. book 基本句型 英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂，但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之，绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下： S十V主谓结构 S十V十P主系表结构 S十V十O主谓宾结构 S十V十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构 S十V十O十C 主谓宾补结构 说明：S＝主语；V＝谓语；P＝表语；O＝宾语； O1＝间接宾语；O2=直接宾语；C＝宾语补足语 基本句型一: S十V十P主系表结构 这种句型中的系动词一般可分为下列两类： A. 表示状态的连系动词。这些词有：be, look, em, appear, smell, taste, sound, keep, remain, 等等。 1) We should __________ __________ any time. 我们在任何时候都应该保持镇定。 2) 这种食物尝起来很糟糕。 _____________________________________________________________ B. 表示转变或结果的系动词。这些词有：become, get, grow, turn, go, come, prove,等等。如： 1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer. 春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。 2) Don't have the food. _______________________________. 不要吃那种食物，它已经变质了。 3) The fact __________ ___________. 这个事实证明是正确的。 例：Our teacher of English is an American.（ 作表语） Is it yours?（ 作表语） The weather has turned cold. （ 作表语） The speech is exciting. （ 作表语） Three times ven is twenty one? （ 作表语） His job is to teach English. （ 作表语） His hobby（爱好）is playing football. （ 作表语） The machine must be out of order. （ 作表语） Time is up. The class is over. （ 作表语） The truth is that he has never been abroad. （ 作表语） He _______ well.他面色好。 It _________ nice.这个听起来不错。 I _______ good.我感觉好。 Silk _______ smooth.丝绸摸起来很光滑。 The egg _______ bad.这个鸡蛋难闻。 The dish _______ delicious. 这道菜吃起来很美味。 He has _______ a writer.他已经成为一名作家。 He has turned _______ . 他已经成为一名作家 The problem _______ unsolved. 那个问题仍未解决。 He always _______ silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。 His theory _______ to be corrected..他的理论证明是正确的。 基本句型二： S十V主谓结构 这种句型中的动词基本是不及物动词，没有宾语。这些动词常见的有：appear, apologize, arrive, come, die, disappear, exist, fall, happen, ri,等等。 She cried. It rained. Nothing happened. The snake disappeared. Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。 The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午发生的。 The sun sis. 主语可有修饰语-定语，谓语可有修饰语-状语。武汉新东方培训学校 1) The red sun ris in the east. 2) They had to travel by air or boat. 3) She sat there alone. 基本句型三: S十V十O主谓宾结构 这种句型中的动词应为及物动词或者可以后接宾语的动词短语。同时，句子中有时含有与宾语有关的状语。作宾语的成分常是：名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句。如： Henry bought a dictionary yesterday. I enjoy sports. I like Chine food. 1)我昨天看了一部电影。 ______________________________________________________________ 2) You place me in a difficult situation. ______________________________________________________________ 3) They finally managed to get along with us. ______________________________________________________________ 4) They have ________ ________ _________ of the children． 这些孩子他们照看得很好。 5) I don’t like being treated like this. ______________________________________________________________ 基本句型四: S十V十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构 O1＝间接宾语；O2＝直接宾语。这种句型中作间接宾语的常常指“人”，直接宾语常常指“物”。 She taught them physics. My father bought me a new bike. I’ll give you a new dictionary. Yesterday her father________ _____ _____ _________ as birthday prent. 昨天她父亲给她买了一辆自行车作为生日礼物。 The old man is telling the children stories in the Long March. ______________________________________________________________ 这种句型还可转换为其他两种句型： A. 动词 ＋ 直接宾语 ＋ for sb.； B. 动词 ＋ 直接宾语 ＋ to sb. 用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。 用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。prevalent 常跟双宾语的动词有： 需借助to的有：bring/ give/ lend/ hand/ offer/ pass/ pay/ promi/ return/ nd/ show/ teach/ tell/ write/ ask. 需借助for的有：buy/ call/ cook/ choo/ draw/ find/ get/ make/ order/ sing/ save/ spare Plea show me your picture. =Plea ________ . 请把你的画给我看一下。 I'll offer you a good chance as long as you don t lo heart. =I'll offer ________ as long as you don't lo heart. 只要你不失去信心，我会给你提供机会的。 My father bought me a new bike. = My father bought a new bike me. Will you plea choo me a better one? = Will you plea choo a better one me? I’ll give you a new dictionary. = I’ll give a new dictionary you. 基本句型五: S十V十O十C 主谓宾补结构 这种句型中的宾语＋ 补语可统称为“复合宾语”, 作补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如： 1)You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。(形容词) 2) We made him our monitor. 我们选他当班长。(名词) 3) His father told him not to play in the street. 他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。(不定式) 4) My father likes to watch the boys playing basketball.(现在分词) 5) Yesterday I had a picture taken with two Americans.(过去分词) 常见的动词有: tell, ask, advi, help, want, would like, order, force, allow等。 注意：动词have, make, let, e, hear, notice, feel, watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to。如： 1) The boss made him do the work all day.老板让他整天做那项工作。 2) I heard her sing in the next room all the time last night.昨天晚上我听见她在隔壁唱了一整晚。 1)Keep ________________________________, plea. 请让孩子们安静下来。 2）他把墙漆成白色。 ______________________________________________________________ 3）我们发现他是一个诚实的人。 ______________________________________________________________ 注意：动词have, make, let, e, hear, notice, feel, obrve, watch(一让二听三看)等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to。如： The boss made him do the work all day. ______________________________________________________________ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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