absorption coefficient | 吸附系数 | ||
accumulation (glacial) | 堆积 | All process, which include snowfall, condensation, avalanching, snow transport by wind, and freezing of liquid water, that add snow or ice to a glacier, floating ice, or snow cover. The term also includes the amount of snow or other solid precipitation added to a glacier or snowfield by the process. | |
acid rain | 酸雨 | the acidic rainfall which results when rain combines with sulfur oxides emissions from combustion of fossil fuels. | |
acidity profile | 酸度剖面 | The acid concentration in ice core layers as a function of depth as determined from electrical measurements. The magnitudes of some volcanic eruptions in the Northern Hemisphere have been estimated from the acidity of annual layers in ice cores taken in Greenland. This methodology is sometimes referred to as acidity signal or acidity record. | |
adhesion | 内聚力 | the molecular attraction asrted between the surfaces of bodies in contact. Compare cohesion | |
adsorption | 吸附 | the adhesion of a substance to the surface of a solid or liquid. Adsorption is often ud to extract pollutants by causing them to be attached to such adsorbents as activated carbon or silica gel. Hydrophobic, or water-repulsing adsorbents, are ud to extract oil from waterways in oil spills. | |
advance time [irrigation] | 行进时间 | Time required for a given stream of irrigation water to move from the upper end of a field to the lower end of the field. | |
advection | 水平对流 | The predominately horizontal large-scale movement of air that caus changes in temperature or other physical properties. In oceanography, advection is the horizontal or vertical flow of a water as a current. | |
aeration | 曝气 | the mixing or turbulent exposure of water to air and oxgen to dissipate volatile contaminants and other pollutants into the air. | |
aeration zone | 包气带 | (also known as the unsaturated zone):The zone above the water table is known as the aeration zone. | |
aerosol | 悬浮质 | Particulate material, other than water or ice, in the atmosphere ranging in size from approximately 10x-3 to larger than 10x2 磎 in radius. Aerosols are important in the atmosphere as nuclei for the condensation of water droplets and ice crystals, as participants in various chemical cycles, and as absorbers and scatterers of solar radiation, thereby influencing the radiation budget of the earth-atmosphere system, which in turn influences the climate on the surface of the Earth. | |
aggressive water | 侵蚀性水 | water which is soft and acidic and can corrode plumbing, piping, and appliances. | |
agriculture water u [water-u category] | 农业用水 | Compod of livestock, animal specialty, and irrigation water u. | |
alkalinity | 碱度 | the measurement of constituents in a water supply which determine alkaline conditions. The alkalinity of water is a measure of its capacity to neutralize acids. See pH. | |
alluvium | 冲积物 | Sediments deposited by flowing rivers. Depending upon the location in the floodplain of the river, different-sized diments are deposited. | |
altithermal period | 高温期 | A period of high temperature, particularly the one from 8000 to 4000 B.P. (before the prent era), which was apparently warmer in summers, as compared with the prent, and with the precipitation zones shifted poleward. Also called the hypsithermal period. | |
anisotropy | 各向异性 | The condition under which one or more of the hydraulic properties of an aquifer vary according to the direction of flow. | |
antecedent moisture | 前期降水量 | The soil moisture prent before a particular precipitation event. | |
aquaculture | 水产业 | farming of organisms that live in water, such as fish, shellfish, and algae. | |
aquaculture water u [water-u category] | 水产用水 | Water ud for farming of organisms that live in water, such as fish, excluding fish hatcheries (commercial water u), shrimp, and other shellfish. Activities included in SIC code 0273. Subt of animal specialties water u. | |
aquatic | 水生的 | growing in, living in, or frequenting water. | |
aquiclude | 隔水层 | A unit of low permeability but is located so that it forms an upper or lower boundary to a groundwater flow system, now also called confining layer or leaky confining layer. | |
aquifer | 含水层 | a geologic formation that will yield water to a well in sufficient quantities to make the production of water from this formation feasible for beneficial u; permeable layers of underground rock or sand that hold or transmit groundwater below the water table. | |
aquifer [hydrology] | 含水层 | (1) A geologic formation, group of formations, or part of a formation that contains sufficient saturated permeable material to yield significant quantities of water to wells and springs (USGS); (2) A geologic formation, group of formations, or part of a formation having structures that permit appreciable water to move through them under ordinary field conditions (ASCE). | |
aquifer depletion [management] | 含水层疏干 | Condition of declining water levels within the aquifer's structure becau natural recharging from surface water and precipitation is inadequate to maintain normal level. Can be caud by withdrawal rates exceeding recharge rates. | |
aquifer test | 含水层试验 | See pumping test | |
aquifer, confined | 承压含水层 | An aquifer that is overlain by a confining bed. The Confining bed has a significantly lower hydraulic conductivity than the aquifer. | |
aquifer, perched | 上层滞水含水层 | A region in the unsaturated zone where the soil may be locally saturated becau it overlies a low-permeability unit. | |
aquifer, mi-confined | 半承压含水层 | An aquifer confined by a low-permeability layer that permits water to slowly flow through it. During pumping of the aquifer, recharge to the aquifer can occur across the confining layer. Also known as a leaky artesian or leaky confined aquifer. | |
aquifer, unconfined | 泰迪熊ted非承压含水层 | An aquifer in which there are no confining beds between the zone of saturation and the surface. There will be a water table in an unconfined aquifer. Water-table aquifer is a synonym. | |
aquifuge | 不透水层 | An absolutely impermeable unit that will not transmit any water. | |
aquitard | 弱透水层 | A layer of low permeability that can store groundwater and also transmit it slowly from one aquifer to another. Also named as leaky confinging layer. | |
artesian aquifer | 自流含水层 | An aquifer that contains water under pressure as a result of hydrostatic head. For artesian conditions to exist, an aquifer must be overlain by a confining material and receive a supply of water. The free water surface stands at a higher elevation than the top of the confining layer thus if the aquifer is tapped by a well, the water in the well will ri above the level of the aquifer. | |
artesian well | 自流井 | a water well drilled into a confined aquifer where enough hydraulic pressure exists for the water to flow to the surface without pumping. | |
artesian zone | 自流区 | a zone where water is confined in an aquifer under pressure so that the water will ri in the well casing or drilled hole above the bottom of the confining layer overlying the aquifer. | |
atmosphere (the) | 大气圈 | The envelope of air surrounding the Earth and bound to it by the Earth's gravitational attraction. Studies of the chemical properties, dynamic motions, and physical process of this system constitute the field of meteorology. | |
available soil moisture | 可用土壤含水量 | The portion of water in a soil that can be readily absorbed by plant roots. It is the amount of water relead between in situ field capacity and the permanent wilting point. | |
average annual recharge | 年平均补给量 | amount of water entering the aquifer on an average annual basis. Averages mean very little for the Edwards becau the climate of the region and structure of the aquifer produce a situation in which the area is usually water rich or water poor. | |
barrage | 拦河坝 | any artificial obstruction placed in water to increa water level or divert it. Usually the idea is to control peak flow for later relea. | |
barrier boundary | 隔水边界 chinelovelinks | An aquifers stem boundary reprented by a rock mass that is not a source of water. | |
basal sliding (basal slip) | 基部滑动 | The movement or speed of movement of a glacier on its bed. | |
baflow | 基流 | That part of stream discharge from ground water eping into the stream | |
baflow recession | 基流衰减 | The declining rate of discharge of a stream fed only by baflow for an extended period. Typically, a baflow recession will be exponential. | |
baflow-recession hydrograph | 基流衰减水文图 | A hydrograph that shows a baflow-recession curve. | |
bedrock | 基岩 | A general term for any consolidated rock. | |
beneficial u[management] | 有效用水 | Any of a number of water us that are recognized by a political entity as valuable to society and worthy of protection, are defined by statutes, and may need to be protected against quality or quantity degradation. The water us include, but are not necessarily limited to, domestic, municipal, agricultural, and industrial supply; cooling in thermoelectric power generation; and instream us that include hydroelectric power generation; recreation; aesthetic enjoyment; navigation; and prervation and enhancement of fish, wildlife, and other aquatic resources or prerves. | |
biosolids | 生物体 | a nutrient-rich organic material resulting from the treatment of wastewater. Biosolids contain nitrogen and phosphorus along with other supplementary nutrients in smaller dos, such as potassium, sulfur, magnesium, calcium, copper and zinc. Soil that is lacking in the substances can be reclaimed with biosolids u. The application of biosolids to land improves soil properties and plant productivity, and reduces dependence on inorganic fertilizers. | |
biosphere | 生物圈 | The portion of Earth and its atmosphere that can support life. The part (rervoir) of the global carbon cycle that includes living organisms (plants and animals) and life- derived organic matter (litter, detritus). The terrestrial biosphere includes the living biota (plants and animals) and the litter and soil organic matter on land, and the marine biosphere includes the biota and detritus in the oceans. | |
blation (glacial) | 冰川消融 | All process, which include melting, evaporation (sublimation), wind erosion, and calving (breaking off of ice mass), that remove snow or ice from a glacier or snowfield. The term also refers to the amount of snow or ice removed by the process. | |
bod | 生化需氧量 | Biochemical Oxygen Demand. A measure of the amount of oxygen required to neutralize organic wastes. | |
bog | 沼泽 | a type of wetland that accumulates appreciable peat deposits. They depend primarily on precipitation for their water source, and are usually acidic and rich in plant matter with a conspicuous mat or living green moss. | |
boiling point | 沸点 | the temperature at which a liquid boils. It is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the pressure on its surface. If the pressure of the liquid varies, the actual boiling point varies. For water it is 212 degrees Fahrenheit or 100 degrees Celsius. | |
bored well | 钻井 | A well drilled with a large truck-mounted boring auger, usually 12 inches or more in diameter and ldom deeper than 100 feet. | |
boring | 钻孔 | A hole advanced into the ground by means of a drilling rig. | |
Boussinesq equation | 布捷涅斯克方程 | The general equation for two-dimensional unconfined transient flow. | |
brine | 卤水 | highly salty and heavily mineralized water containing heavy metal and organic contaminants. | |
calcium carbonate | 碳酸钙 | CACO3 - a white precipitate that forms in water lines, water heaters and boilers in hard water areas; also known as scale. | |
calcrete | 钙质胶结砾岩 | A surficial gravel and sand conglomerate cemented by calcium carbonate. | |
caliche | 硝酸钠 | Also called hardpan; an opaque, reddish-brown-to-white calcareous material, which occurs in layers near the surface of stony soils in arid and miarid areas. | |
caliper log | 测径器测井 | A borehole log of the diameter of an uncad well | |
capillary forces | 毛细力 | The forces acting on soil moisture in the unsaturated zone, attributable to molecular attraction between soil particles and water | |
capillary fringe | 毛细带 | The zone immediately above the water table, where water is drawn upward by capillary attraction. | |
capillary water | 毛细水 | Just above the water table, in the aeration zone, is capillary water that moves upward from the water table by capillary action. This water can move slowly and in any direction. While most plants rely upon moisture from precipitation that is prent in the unsaturated zone, their roots may also tap into capillary water or the underlying saturated zone. | |
capillary zone | 毛细带 | soil area above the water table where water can ri up slightly through the cohesive force of capillary action. See phreatophytes. | |
carbon isotope ratio | 碳同位素比 | Ratio of carbon-12 to either of the other, less common, carbon isotopes, carbon- 13 or carbon-14. | |
carbon source | 碳源 | A pool (rervoir) that releas carbon to another part of the carbon cycle. | |
carbonates | 碳酸盐 | the collective term for the natural inorganic chemical compounds related to carbon dioxide that exist in natural waterways. | |
carbon-bad resources | 碳资源 | The recoverable fossil fuel (coal, gas, crude oils, oil shale, and tar sands) and biomass that can be ud in fuel production and consumption. | |
casing | 套管 | a tubular structure intended to be watertight installed in the excavated or drilled hole to maintain the well opening and, along with cementing, to confine the ground waters to their zones of origin and prevent the entrance of surface pollutants. | |
cation excbange capacity | 阳离子交换能力 | The ability of a particular rock or soil to absorb cations. | |
cavern | 溶洞 | a large underground opening in rock (usually limestone) which occurred when some of the rock was dissolved by water. In some igneous rocks, caverns can be formed by large gas bubbles. | |
cement grout | 水泥灰浆 | a mixture of water and cement in the ratio of not more than 5-6 gallons of water to a 94 pound sack of portland cement which is fluid enough to be pumped through a small diameter pipe. | |
cementation | 胶结作用 | The process by which some of the voids in a diment are filled with precipitated materials, such as silica, calcite, and iron oxide, and which is a part of diagenesis. | |
cesspool [wastewater] | 化粪池 | An underground catch basin for liquid waste, such as houhold waste. Also called a ptic tank. | |
check dam | 检查坝 | a small dam constructed in a gully or other small water cour to decrea the streamflow velocity, minimize channel erosion, promote deposition of diment and to divert water from a channel. | |
chlorination | 氯化 | the adding of chlorine to water or wage for the purpo of disinfection or other biological or chemical results. | |
chlorine demand | 需氯量 | the difference between the amount of chlorine added to water, wage, or industrial wastes and the amount of residual chlorine remaining at the end of a specific contact period. Compare residual chlorine (残余氯). | |
chute spillway | 溢洪道 | the overall structure which allows water to drop rapidly through an open channel without causing erosion. Usually constructed near the edge of dams. | |
circulate | 循环 | to move in a circle, circuit or orbit; to flow without obstruction; to follow a cour that returns to the starting point. | |
cistern | 蓄水池 | a tank ud to collect rainwater runoff from the roof of a hou or building. | |
cistern [water supply] | 水塔(蓄水池) | A rervoir, tank, or vesl for storing or holding water or other liquid. | |
clear well [water supply] | 洁水井 | A rervoir for the storage of filtered water of sufficient capacity to prevent the need to vary the filtration rate with variations in demand. Also ud to provide chlorine-contact time for disinfection. | |
climate | 气候 | The statistical collection and reprentation of the weather conditions for a specified area during a specified time interval, usually decades, together with a description of the state of the external system or boundary conditions. | |
climate change | 气候变化 | The long-term fluctuations in temperature, precipitation, wind, and all other aspects of the Earth's climate. External process, such as solar-irradiance variations, variations of the Earth's orbital parameters (eccentricity, precession, and inclination), lithosphere motions, and volcanic activity, are factors in climatic variation. | |
climate nsitivity | 气候敏感 | The magnitude of a climatic respon to a perturbing influence. In mathematical modeling of the climate, the difference between simulations as a function of change in a given parameter. | |
climate system | 气候系统 | The five physical components (atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere) that are responsible for the climate and its variations. | |
climate variation | 气候变化 | The change in one or more climatic variables over a specified time. | |
climatic anomaly | 气候异常 | The deviation of a particular climatic variable from the mean or normal over a specified time. | |
climatic cycle | 气候循环 | the periodic changes climate displays, such as a ries of dry years following a ries of years with heavy rainfall. | |
climatic optimum | 气候适宜 | The period in history from about 5000 to about 2500 B.C. during which surface air temperatures were warmer than at prent in nearly all regions of the world. In the Arctic region, the temperature ro many degrees, and in temperate regions, the increa was 1.0 degrees - 1.7 degrees C. In this period, glaciers and ice sheets receded greatly, and the melt-water raid a level by about 3 meters. | |
climatic year | 气候年 | a period ud in meteorological measurements. The climatic year in the U.S. begins on October 1. | |
cloud | 云 | A visible mass of condend water vapor particles or ice suspended above the Earth's surface. Clouds may be classified on their visible appearance, height, or form. | |
cloudburst | 暴雨 | a torrential downpour of rain, which by it spottiness and relatively high intensity suggests the bursting and discharge of water from a cloud all at once. | |
coagulation | 凝结 | in water treatment, the u of chemicals to make suspended solids gather or group together into small flocs. | |
coastal zone | 海岸带 | Lands and waters adjacent to the coast that exert an influence on the us of the a and its ecology or who us and ecology are affected by the a. | |
cohesion | 凝聚力 | a molecular attraction by which the particles of a body are united throughout the mass whether like or unlike. Compare adhesion. | |
cold vapor | 冷气 | method to test water for the prence of mercury. | |
coliform bacteria | 大肠菌 | A group of bacteria that mostly inhabits the intestinal tract of humans and animals, but also found in soil. While harmless in themlves, coliform bacteria are ud as indicators of the possible prence of pathogenic organisms. | |
collection site | 集水区 | A stream, lake, rervoir, or other body of water fed by water drained from a watershed. | |
collector well | 集水井 | a well located near a surface water supply ud to lower the water table and thereby induce infiltration of surface water through the bed of the water body to the well.. | |
colloids | 胶体 | finely divided solids which will not ttle but which may be removed by coagulation or biochemical action. | |
commercial water u | 商业用水 | water for motels, hotels, restaurants, office buildings, other commercial facilities, and institutions. The water may be obtained from a public supply or may be lf supplied. See also public supply and lf- supplied water. | |
common-ion effect | 常规离子效应 | The decrea in the solubility of a salt dissolved in water already containing some of the ions of the salt. | |
completion | 完成 | aling off access of undesireable water to the well bore by proper casing and/or cementing procedures. | |
concentration | 浓度 | amount of a chemical or pollutant in a particular volume or weight of air, water, soil, or other medium. | |
condensation | 浓缩 | The process that Occurs when an air mass is saturated and water droplets form around nuclei or on surfaces. | |
conduit | 渠道 | a natural or artificial channel through which fluids may be conveyed. | |
cone of depression | 下降漏斗 | natural depression in the water table around a well during pumping. | |
confined aquifer | 承压含水层 | an aquifer that lies between two relatively impermeable rock layers. | |
confining bed | 承压层 | A body of material of low hydraulic conductivity that is stratigraphic ally adjacent to one or more aquifers. It may lie above or below the aquifer. | |
confining layer | 承压层 | Geological material through which significant quantities of water can not move; located below unconfined aquifers, above and below confined aquifers. Also known as a confining bed. | |
conjunctive management | 联合管理 | integrated management and u of two or more water resources, such as an aquifer and a surface water body. | |
conjunctive water u [management] | 联合用水 | A practice whereby two or more independent sources of water are ud in combination or alternately, for meeting one or more objectives, such as, improved reliability of supply, long-term cost effectiveness, and environmental protection. | |
connate growth | 原生生长 | water trapped in the pore spaces of a dimentary rock at the time it was deposited. It is usually highly mineralized. | |
connate water | 原生水 | Interstitial water that was not buried with a rock but which has been out of contact with the atmosphere for an appreciable part of a geologic period. | |
conrvation | 保护 | The u of water-saving methods to reduce the amount of water needed for homes, lawns, farming, and industry, thus increasing water supplies for optimum long-term economic and social benefits. | |
consumption | 消耗 | Water that is actually consumed, transpired, or incorporated into new products as it is ud. | |
consumptive u | 消耗用水 | The u of a resource that reduces the supply (removing water from a source like a river or lake without returning an equal amount). Examples include the intake of water by plants, humans, and other animals and the incorporation of water into the products of industrial or food processing. | |
consumptive u | 耗水 | that part of water withdrawn that is evaporated, transpired, incorporated into products or crops, consumed by humans or livestock, or otherwi removed from the immediate water environment. Also referred to as water consumed. | |
contact spring | 接触泉 | A spring that forms at a lithologic contact where a more permeable unit overlies a less permeable unit. | |
contaminant | 污染物 | Any substance that when added to water (or another substance) makes it impure and unfit for consumption or u. | |
contamination | 污染 | the introduction into water of wage or other foreign matter that will render the water unfit for its intended u. | |
continental crust | 大陆壳 | The layer of the Earth that lies under continents and the continental shelves. It ranges in thickness from 35 to 60 km. Its upper layer has a density of 2.7 g/cm3 and is compod of rocks that are rich in silica and alumina. | |
continental plate | 大陆板块 | A thick continental crust. | |
convection | 对流 | Atmospheric or oceanic motions that are predominately vertical and that result in vertical transport and mixing of atmospheric or oceanic properties. Becau the most striking meteorological features result if atmospheric convective motion occurs in conjunction with the rising current of air (i.e., updrafts), convection is sometimes ud to imply only upward vertical motion. | |
convective adjustment | 对流调节 | A numerical procedure applied in many atmospheric models to approximate the vertical nonradiative heat transport. This procedure adjusts the lap rate whenever necessary so that some prescribed critical lap rate is never exceeded. | |
convergence | 汇流 | The quasi-horizontal flow of a fluid toward a common destination from different directions. When waters of different origins come together at a point or along a line (convergence line), the denr water from one side sinks under the lighter water from other side. The ocean convergence lines are the polar, subtropical, tropical, and equatorial. Also e divergence. | |
conveyance [general] | 输水 | The systematic and intentional flow or transfer of water from one point to another. Conveyance types include water instream conveyance, water distribution, and wastewater collection. | |
conveyance loss [general] | 输水损失 | Water that is lost in transit from a pipe, canal, conduit, or ditch by leakage or evaporation. If the water is lost due to leakage, it may be considered return flow if it percolates to an aquifer and is available for reu. If the water evaporates, it is considered consumptive u. | |
creek | 小溪 | a small stream of water which rves as the natural drainage cour for a drainage basin. The term is relative according to size. Some creeks in a humid region would be called rivers if they occurred in an arid area. | |
crest | 顶部 | the top of a dam, dike, or spillway, which water must reach before passing over the structure; the summit or highest point of a wave; the highest elevation reached by flood waters flowing in a channel. | |
critical low flow | 临界低速水流 | low flow conditions below which some standards do not apply. The impacts of permitted discharges are analyzed at critical low-flow. | |
crop requirement [irrigation] | 作物需水量 | The volume of water required by the crop to maintain optimum growth. | |
crop water-u efficiency | 作物用水 | A measure at the ecosystem level of how well plants u available water in growth. The grams of dry weight gained by plants during the growing ason per unit land area are divided by the millimeters of water lost (including evaporation directly from the soil). | |
cryosphere | 永冻圈 | The portion of the climate system consisting of the world's ice mass and snow deposits, which includes the continental ice sheets, mountain glaciers, a ice, surface snow cover, and lake and river ice. Changes in snow cover on the land surfaces are by and large asonal and cloly tied to the mechanics of atmospheric circulation. | |
cubic foot per cond (cfs) | 立方英尺/秒 | the rate of discharge reprenting a volume of one cubic foot passing a given point during 1 cond. This rate is equivalent to approximately 7.48 gallons per cond, or 1.98 acre-feet per day. | |
current | 水流 | the portion of a stream or body of water which is moving with a velocity much greater than the average of the rest of the water. The progress of the water is principally concentrated in the current. See thalweg. | |
current meter | 流速仪 | A device that is lowered into a stream in order to record the rate at which the current is moving | |
dam | 大坝 | a structure of earth, rock, or concrete designed to form a basin and hold water back to make a pond, lake, or rervoir. | |
Darcian velocity | 达西速度 | See specific discharge | |
Darcy's law | 达西定律 | An equation that can be ud to compute the quantity of water flowing through an aquifer | |
data collection [method] | 数据采集 | Implementation of appropriate procedures for obtaining necessary information to monitor status of water quantity, quality, u or flow. | |
data compilation [method] | 数据编辑 | Procedures ud to develop necessary information products about water, including but not limited to, quality assurance, statistical analysis, mathematical manipulations, integration of data from veral sources, and formatting for archiving. | |
Debye-Hiickel equation | 德拜—海克尔公式 | A means of computing the activity coefficient for an ionic species. | |
decompors | 分解体 | Heterotrophic organisms that break down dead protoplasm and u some of the products and relea others for u by consumer organisms. | |
decomposition | 分解 | The breakdown of matter by bacteria and fungi. It changes the chemical makeup and physical appearance of materials. | |
deep percolation [irrigation] | 深层下渗 | Water that moves downward through the soil profile below the root zone and cannot be ud by plants. | |
deep water | 深层海水 | That part of the ocean below the main thermocline. | |
deforestation | 森林采伐 | The removal of forest stands by cutting and burning to provide land for agricultural purpos, residential or industrial building sites, roads, etc. or by harvesting the trees for building materials or fuel. Oxidation of organic matter releas CO2 to the atmosphere, and regional and global impacts may result. | |
degradation | 退化 | To wear down or reduce to lower quality by erosion or reduce the complexity of a chemical compound. | |
deionized water | 去离子水 | water free of inorganic chemicals. | |
delivery/relea | 引水 | the amount of water delivered to the point of u and the amount relead after u; the difference between the amounts is usually the same as the consumptive u. See also consumptive u. | |
delta | 三角洲 | an alluvial deposit made of rock particles (diment, and debris) dropped by a stream as it enters a body of water. | |
demand | 需求量 | the number of units of something that will be purchad at various prices at a point in time. Compare supply. | |
dendrochronology | 树木年代学 | The dating of past events and variations in the environment and the climate by studying the annual growth rings of trees. The approximate age of a temperate forest tree can be determined by counting the annual growth rings in the lower part of the trunk. The width of the annual rings is indicative of the climatic conditions during the period of growth; wide annual rings signify favorable growing conditions, abnce of dias and pests, and favorable climatic conditions, while narrow rings indicate unfavorable growing conditions or climate. | |
density | 密度 | The mass or quantity of a substance per unit volume. Units are kilograms per cubic meter or grams per cubic centimeter. | |
dental fluorosis | 氟斑牙 | disorder caud by excessive absorption of fluorine and characterized by brown staining of teeth. | |
depletion | 损耗 | The loss of water from surface water rervoirs or groundwater aquifers at a rate greater than that of recharge. | |
deposit | 堆积物 | something dropped or left behind by moving water, as sand or mud. | |
depression spring | 洼地泉 | A spring formed when the water table reaches a land surface becau of a change in topography. | |
depression storage | 洼地蓄水 | Water from precipitation that collects in puddles at the land surface. | |
desalination | 脱盐作用(淡化) | the process of salt removal from a or brackish water. | |
desalination [water treatment] | 淡化 | Refers to the removal of salts from water. Desalination is primarily ud to produce public-supply water that meets drinking-water standards. The primary types of desalination are (1) distillation, (2) electrodialysis, and (3) rever osmosis. Additionally, many public water suppliers also dilute or blend saltwater with fresher water to produce potable water. Also e "Rever osmosis." | |
dertification | 荒漠化 | The progressive destruction or degradation of vegetative cover especially in arid or miarid regions bordering existing derts. Overgrazing of rangelands, large-scale cutting of forests and woodlands, drought, and burning of extensive areas all rve to destroy or degrade the land cover. The climatic impacts of this destruction include incread albedo leading to decread precipitation, which in turn leads to less vegetative cover; incread atmospheric dust loading could lead to decread monsoon rainfall and greater wind erosion and/or atmospheric pollution. | |
dew point | 露点 | The temperature to which air must be cooled to cau condensation of the water vapor it contains. The higher the dew point, the higher the moisture content of the air. | |
dewatering [hydrology] | 排水沟(水位降低) | (1) The draining, pumping, or removal of water that is affecting construction or mining site, or to lower the water table for agriculture. (2) The removal of water from a substance (wage or waste screenings, for example). | |
diffusion | 扩散 | The process by which both ionic and molecular species dissolved in water move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. | |
digital computer model | 数字计算机模型 | A model of ground-water flow in which the aquifer is described by numerical equations with specified values for boundary conditions that are solved on a digital computer. | |
diluting water | 冲淡的水 | distilled water that has been stabilized, buffered, and aerated. Ud in the BOD test. | |
direct precipitation | 直接降水 | Water that falls directly into a lake or stream without passing through any land pha of the runoff cycle. | |
Dirichlet condition | 狄里克利条件 | A boundary condition for a ground-water computer model where the head is known at the boundary of the flow field. | |
discharge | 排泄 | The flow of surface water in a stream or canal or the outflow of groundwater from a well, ditch, or spring. | |
discharge | 流量,排泄量 | the volume of water that pass a given point within a given period of time. It is an all-inclusive outflow term, describing a variety of flows such as from a pipe to a stream, or from a stream to a lake or ocean. | |
discharge | 流量 | [Hydraulics] Measurement of the output from a water source such as a well, spring, pump, stream, or a storm or flood event. An area designed to receive the output flow from pumps or structures without erosion/cavitation. | |
discharge area | 排泄区 | An area in which there are upward components of hydraulic head in the aquifer. Ground water is flowing toward the surface in a discharge area and may escape as a spring, ep, or ba flow or by evaporation and transpiration. | |
discharge point [wastewater] | 排水口 | A location at which effluent is relead after u into a receiving stream or infiltration bed. Also referred to as an outfall. | |
discharge velocity | 渗透速度 | See specific discharge. | |
dispersion | 弥散 | The phenomenon by which a solute in flowing ground water is mixed with uncontaminated water and becomes reduced in concentration. Dispersion is caud by both differences in the velocity that the water travels at the pore level and differences in the rate at which water travels through different strata in the flow path. | |
displacement | 位移 | distance by which portions of the same geological layer are offt from each other by a fault. | |
dissolve | 溶解 | the process by which solid particles mix molecule by molecule with a liquid and appear to become part of the liquid. | |
dissolved oxygen (do) | 溶解氧 | amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given quantity of water at a given temperature and atmospheric pressure. It is usually expresd as a concentration in parts per million or as a percentage of saturation. | |
dissolved solids | 溶解固体 | inorganic material contained in water or wastes. Excessive dissolved solids make water unsuitable for drinking or industrial us. See TDS. | |
distillation | 蒸溜 | water treatment method where water is boiled to steam and condensd in a parate rervoir. Contaminants with higher boiling points than water do not vaporize and remain in the boiling flask. | |
网上免费学习日语distilled water | 蒸溜水 | water that has been treated by boiling and condensation to remove solids, inorganics, and some organic chemicals. | |
distribution coefficient | 分布系数 | The slope of a linear Freundlich isotherm. | |
diversion | 引水 | to remove water from a water body. Diversions may be ud to protect bottomland from hillside runoff, divert water away from active gullies, or protect buildings from runoff. | |
diversion [general] | 提水 | Point of withdrawal from surface water. | |
domestic water u | 家庭用水 | water for houhold purpos, such as drinking, food preparation, bathing, washing clothes and dishes, flushing toilets, and watering lawns and gardens. Also called residential water u. The water may be obtained from a public supply or may be lf supplied. See also public supply and lf-supplied water. | |
downwelling | 下降 | The process of accumulation and sinking of warm surface waters along a coastline. A change of air flow of the atmosphere can result in the sinking or downwelling of warm surface water. The resulting reduced nutrient supply near the surface affects the ocean productivity and meteorological conditions of the coastal regions in the downwelling area. | |
drainage area | 排泄区 | of a stream at a specified location is that area, measured in a horizontal plane, enclod by a topographic divide from which direct surface runoff from precipitation normally drains by gravity into the stream above the specified location. | |
drainage basin | 流域 | The land area from which surface runoff drains into a stream system. | |
drainage divide | 流域分水岭 | A boundary line along a topographically high area that parates two adjacent drainage basins. | |
drainage well | 排水井 | (1) A well pumped in order to lower the water table; (2) vertical shaft to a permeable substratum into which surface and subsurface drainage is channeled (now illegal). | |
drainfield [wastewater disposal] | 排水区 | A network of buried piping or tubing where the liquid is discharged to the ground through the drain field. Most commonly ud with ptic tanks, but some are ud for domestic or industrial wastewater disposal after treatment. | |
drawdown | 降深 | A lowering of the water table of an unconfined aquifer or the potentiometric surface of a confined aquifer caud by pumping of ground water from wells. | |
drilled well | 钻井 | A well usually 10 inches or less in diameter, drilled with a drilling rig and cad with steel or plastic pipe. Drilled wells can be of varying depth. | |
driller's well log | 钻井编录 | a log kept at the time of drilling showing the depth, thickness, character of the different strata penetrated, location of water-bearing strata, depth, size, and character of casing installed. | |
drip [process] | 水滴 | Procedure that regulates an altering substance into a stream of water; for example, chlorination for drinking water, or the addition of fertilizer, pesticides, and herbicides into irrigation water. | |
drought | 干旱 | although there is no universally accepted definition of drought, it is generally the term applied to periods of less than average precipitation over a certain period of time. In south Texas ranchers say drought begins as soon as it stops raining. | |
dug well | 大口井 | A large diameter well dug by hand, usually old and often cad by concrete or hand-laid bricks. Such wells typically reach less than 50 feet in depth and are easily and frequently contaminated. | |
Dupuit assumptions | 裘布依假设 | Assumptions for flow in an unconfined aquifer that (1) the hydraulic gradient is equal to the slope of the water table, (2) the streamlines are horizon- and (3) the equipotential lines are vertical. | |
Dupuit equation | 裘布依公式 | An equation for the volume of water flowing in an unconfined aquifer; bad upon the Dupuit assumptions. | |
duration curve | 历时曲线 | A graph showing the percentage of time that the given flows of a stream will be equaled or exceeded. It is bad upon a statistical study of historic streamflow records. | |
dynamic equilibrium | 动态平衡 | A condition in which the amount of recharge to an aquifer equals the amount of natural discharge. | |
ecosystem | 生态系统 | The interacting system of a biological community and its nonliving environmental surroundings. | |
Edwards aquifer | Edwards含水层 | an arch-shaped belt of porous, water bearing limestones compod of the Comanche Peak, Edwards, and Georgetown formations trending from west to east to northeast through Kinney, Uvalde, Medina, Bexar, Comal, Hays, Travis, and Williamson counties. | |
Edwards outcrop | Edwards露头 | where the Edwards and associated limestone formations are found at the surface. This area is also referred to as the Recharge Zone. | |
effective grain size | 有效粒径 | The grain size corresponding to the 10 percent finer by weight line on the grain-size distribution curve. | |
effective pore fraction | 有效孔隙比 | The ratio of the porosity available for fluid flow to the total porosity of a rock or diment. | |
effective porosity | 有效孔隙度 | the portion of pore space in saturated permeable material where the movement of water takes place. See porosity, effective. | |
effective precipitation | 有效降水 | (1) the part of precipitation which produces runoff; a weighted average of current and antecedent precipitation "effective" in correlating with runoff. It is also that part of the precipitation falling on an irrigated area which is effective in meeting the requirements of consumptive u. (2) That portion of total precipitation that becomes available for plant growth [irrigation]. | |
effluent | 流出 | The discharge of a pollutant in a liquid form, often from a pipe into a stream or river. | |
effluent | 流出物 | any substance, particularly a liquid, that enters the environment from a point source. Generally refers to wastewater from a wage treatment or industrial plant. | |
El Nino | 厄尔尼诺 | An irregular variation of ocean current that from January to March flows off the west coast of South America, carrying warm, low-salinity, nutrient-poor water to the south. It does not usually extend farther than a few degrees south of the equator, but occasionally it does penetrate beyond 12 degrees S, displacing the relatively cold Peru Current. The effects of this phenomenon are generally short-lived, and fishing is only slightly disrupted. Occasionally (in 1891, 1925, 1941, 1957 - 58, 1965, 1972 - 73, 1976, and 1982 - 83), the effects are major and prolonged. Under the conditions, a surface temperatures ri along the coast of Peru and in the equatorial eastern Pacific | |
electrical resistance model | 电阻模型 | An analog model of ground-water flow bad upon the flow of electricity through a circuit containing resistors and capacitors. | |
electrical sounding | 电测深 | An earth-resistivity survey made at the same location by putting the electrodes progressively farther apart. It shows the change of apparent resistivity with depth. | |
electromagnetic conductivity | 电磁传导率 | A method of measuring the induced electrical fieid in the earth to determine the ability of the earth to conduct electricity. Electromagnetic conductivity is the inver of electrical resistivity. Also known as electric conductivity and terrain conductivity. | |
environment | 环境 | The sum of all external conditions affecting the life, development, and survival of an organism. | |
EPA | 环境保护法规 | Environmental Protection Agency | |
epidemiology | 流行病学 | The study of dias as they affect populations, including the distribution of dia or other health-related states and events in human populations, the factors (e.g., age, x, occupation, and economic status) that influence this distribution, and the application of this study to control health problems. | |
equilibrium constant | 平衡常数 | The number defining the conditions of equilibrium for a particular reversible chemical reaction. | |
equilibrium line | 平衡线 | The level on a glacier where accumulation equals ablation and the net balance equals zero. | |
equipotential line | 等势线 | A line in a two-dimensional ground-water flow field such that the total hydraulic head is the same for all points along the line. | |
equipotential surface | 等势面 | A surface in a three-dimensional ground-water flow field such that the total hydraulic head is the same everywhere on the surface. | |
equivalent weight | 当量重 | The formula weight of a dissolved ionic species divided by the electrical charge. Also known as combining weight. | |
erosion | 侵蚀 | The wearing away of the land surface by running water, wind, ice, or other geological agents including such process as gravitational creep. Geological erosion is natural occurring erosion over long periods of time. Accelerated erosion is more rapid than normal erosion and results primarily from man's activities. Erosion is further classified by the amount and pattern of soil removal and transport as gully, interrill, rill, sheet, and splash or raindrop erosion. | |
escarpment | 断层崖 | the topographic expression of a fault. | |
estuarine waters | 河口水体 | deepwater tidal habitats and tidal wetlands that are usually enclod by land but have access to the ocean and are at least occasionally diluted by freshwater runoff from the land (such as bays, mouths of rivers, salt marshes, lagoons). | |
estuarine zone | 河口区 | area near the coastline that consists of estuaries and coastal saltwater wetlands. | |
estuary | 河口 | thin zone along a coastline where freshwater system(s) and river(s) meet and mix with a salty ocean (such as a bay, mouth of a river, salt marsh, lagoon). | |
eutrophication (natural) | 富营养化 | an excess of plant nutrients from natural erosion and runoff from the land in an aquatic ecosystem supporting a large amount of aquatic life that can deplete the oxygen supply. | |
evaporation | 蒸发 | The conversion of a liquid (water) into a vapor (a gaous state) usually through the application of heat energy during the hydrologic cycle; the opposite of condensation. | |
evaporation [hydrology] | 蒸发 | Process by which water is changed from a liquid into a vapor. See also evapotranspiration and transpiration. | |
evapotranspiration | 蒸散发 | a collective term that includes water discharged to the atmosphere as a result of evaporation from the soil and surface-water bodies and as a result of plant transpiration. See also evaporation and transpiration. | |
evapotranspiration, actual | 实际蒸散发 | The evapotranspiration that actually occurs under given climatic and soil-moisture conditions. | |
evapotranspiration, potential | 潜在蒸散发 | The evapotranspiration that would occur under given climatic conditions if there were unlimited soil moisture. | |
exfiltration [general] | 渗漏损失 | Leakage from a conveyance system or storage area into the surrounding and underlying materials. This process will occur if the ambient ground-water pressure is less than the internal pressure of the conveyance system or storage area at a breach. | |
fault spring | 断层泉 | A spring created by the movement of two rock units on a fault. | |
feedback mechanisms | 反馈机制 | A quence of interactions in which the final interaction influences the original one. Also e positive feedback and negative feedback. | |
field capacity | 田间含水量 | the amount of water held in soil against the pull of gravity. | |
field capacity | 田间持水量 | The maximum amount of water that the unsaturated zone of a soil can hold against the pull of gravity. The field capacity is dependent on the length of time the soil has been undergoing gravity drainage. | |
filter | 过滤器 | a device ud to remove solids from a mixture or to parate materials. Materials are frequently parated from water using filters. | |
filtration | 入渗 | the mechanical process which removes particulate matter by parating water from solid material, usually by passing it through sand. | |
finite-difference model | 有限差分模型 | A particular kind of a digital computer model bad upon a rectangular grid that ts the boundaries of the model and the nodes where the model will be solved. | |
finite-element model | 有限单元模型 | A digital ground-water-flow model where the aquifer is divided into a mesh formed of a number of polygonal cells. | |
fixed ground water | 固定的地下水 | water held in saturated material that it is not available as a source of water for pumping. | |
flocculation | 凝絮 | large scale treatment process involving gentle stirring whereby small particles in flocs are collected into larger particles so their weight caus them to ttle to the bottom of the treatment tank. | |
flood | 洪水 | an overflow or inundation that comes from a river or other body of water and caus or threatens damage. It can be any relatively high streamflow overtopping the natural or artificial banks in any reach of a stream. It is also a relatively high flow as measured by either gage height or discharge quantity. | |
floodplain | 洪泛平原 | land next to a river that becomes covered by water when the river overflows its banks . | |
flora | 植物群落 | plant population of a region. | |
flow | 水流 | the rate of water discharged from a source expresd in volume with respect to time. | |
flow augmentation | 水流增加 | the addition of water to meet flow needs. | |
flow law | 流动定律 | In glaciology, a constitutive relation for the analysis of three-dimensional deformation states of ice subjected to stress. | |
flow net | 流网 | The t of intercting equipotential lines and flowlines reprenting two-dimensional steady flow through porous media. | |
flow, steady | 稳定流 | The flow that occurs when, at any point in the flow field, the magnitude, and direction of the specific discharge are constant in time. | |
flow, unsteady | 非稳定流 | The flow that occurs when, at any point in the flow field, the magnitude or direction of the specific discharge changes with time. Also called transient flow or nonsteady flow. | |
fluid potential | 流体势能 | The mechanical energy per unit mass of fluid at any given point in space and time. | |
fog | 雾 | Liquid particles less than 40 microns in diameter that are formed by condensation of vapor in air. | |
food chain | 食物链 | A quence of organisms, each of which us the next lower member of the quence as a food source. | |
fossil water | 同生水 | Interstitial water that was buried at the same time as the Original diment. | |
fracture spring | 断裂泉 | A spring created by fracturing or jointing of the rock. | |
fracture trace | 断裂追踪 | The surface reprentation of a fracture zone. It may be a characteristic line of vegetation or linear soil-moisture pattern or a topographic sag. | |
free energy | 自由能 | A measure of the thermodynamic driving energy of a chemical reaction. Also known as Gibbs free energy or Gibbs function. | |
free ground water | 自由地下水 | water in interconnected pore spaces in the zone of saturation down to the first impervious barrier, moving under the control of the water table slope. | |
freezing | 冻结 | the change of a liquid into a solid as temperature decreas. For water, the freezing point is 32 F or 0 C. | |
fresh water | 淡水 | water containing less than 1,000 parts per million (ppm) of dissolved solids of any type. Compare saline water. | |
fresh: salt water interface | 淡:盐水界面 | the region where fresh water and salt water meet. In the Edwards region, it is commonly referred to as the "bad water line", although it is zone and not a line. | |
freshwater [hydrology] | 淡水 | Water that contains less than 1,000 milligrams per liter (mg/L) of dissolved solids. Water that contains more than 500 mg/L of dissolved solids may be undesirable for drinking and many industrial us. Water that contains more than 1,000 mg/L is sometimes ud for irrigation. | |
frost | 霜 | a covering of minute ice crystals on a cold surface. | |
gaging station | 水文站 | the site on a stream, lake or canal where hydrologic data is collected. | |
gallon | 加仑 | A unit of volume. A U.S. gallon contains 231 cubic inches, 0.133 cubic feet, or 3.785 liters. One U.S. gallon of water weighs 8.3 lbs. | |
gamma log | 伽玛测井 | See natural gamma radiation log. | |
gamma-gamma radiation log | 伽玛伽玛发射性测井 | A borehole log in which a source of gamma radiation as well as a detector are lowered into the borehole. This log measures bulk density of the formation and fluids. | |
gas (gaous) | 气体 | See vapor | |
Gauss-Seidel | 高斯—塞德尔法 | A particular type of method for solving for the head in a finite-difference ground-water model. | |
general circulation models | 一般循环模型 | Hydrodynamic models of the atmosphere on a grid or spectral resolution that determine the surface pressure and the vertical distributions of velocity, temperature, density, and water vapor as functions of time from the mass conrvation and hydrostatic laws, the first law of thermodynamics, Newton's cond law of motion, the equation of state, and the conrvation law for water vapor. Abbreviated as GCM. Atmospheric general circulation models are abbreviated AGCM, while oceanic general circulation models are abbreviated OGCM. | |
geohydrology | 地下水文学 | a term which denotes the branch of hydrology relating to subsurface or subterranean waters; that is, to all waters below the surface. | |
geologic erosion | 地质侵蚀 | normal or natural erosion caud by geological process acting over long geologic periods and resulting in the wearing away of mountains, the building up of floodplains, coastal plains, etc. | |
geomorphology | 地形学 | The study of prent-day landforms, including their classification, description, nature, origin, development, and relationships to underlying structures. Also the his- tory of geologic changes as recorded by the surface features. The term is sometimes restricted to features produced only by erosion and deposition. | |
geopressured rervoir | 地压水库 | a geothermal rervoir consisting of porous sands containing water or brine at high temperature or pressure. | |
geosphere | 岩石圈 | The solid mass (lithosphere) of the Earth as distinct from the atmosphere and hydrosphere or all three of the layers combined. | |
geostrophic flow | 地转风流 | A type of movement where the Coriolis force balances exactly the horizontal pressure force. | |
geyr | 间歇泉 | a periodic thermal spring that results from the expansive force of super heated steam.. | |
glacial till | 冰碛物 | A glacial deposit compod of mostly unsorted sand, silt, clay, and boulders and laid down directly by the melting ice. | |
glacial-lacustrine diments | 冰川湖泊堆积物 | Silt and clay deposits formed in the quiet waters of lakes that received meltwater from glaciers. | |
glacier | 冰川 | A mass of land ice that is formed by the cumulative recrystallization of firn. A glacier flows slowly (at prent or in the past) from an accumulation area to an ablation area. Some well-known glaciers are: the Zermatt, Stechelberg, Grindelwald, Trient, Les Diablerets, and Rhone in Switzerland; the Nigards, Gaupne, Fanarak, Lom, and Bover in Norway; the Wright, Taylor, and Wilson Piedmont glaciers in Antarctica; the Bossons Glacier in France; the Emmons and Nisqually glaciers on Mt. Ranier, Washington; Grinnell glacier in Glacier National Park, Montana; the Dinwoody glacier in the Wind River Mountains and the Teton glacier in Teton National Park, both in Wyoming; and many glaciers in the Canadian Rockies. | |
glacier flow (ice flow). | 冰川流 | The slow downward or outward movement of ice in a glacier caud by gravity. | |
grab sample | 采取样品 | a sample taken at a given place and time. Compare composite sample. | |
granular activated carbon | 粒状活性碳 | pure carbon heated to promote "active" sites which can adsorb pollutants. Ud in some home water treatment systems to remove certain organic chemicals and radon. | |
greenhou effect | 温室效应 | A popular term ud to describe the roles of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other trace gas in keeping the Earth's surface warmer than it would be otherwi. The " radiatively active " gas are relatively transparent to incoming shortwave radiation, but are relatively opaque to outgoing longwave radiation. The latter radiation, which would otherwi escape to space, is trapped by the gas within the lower levels of the atmosphere. The subquent reradiation of some of the energy back to the surface maintains surface temperatures higher than they would be if the gas were abnt. There is concern that increasing concentrations of greenhou gas, including carbon dioxide, methane, and manmade chlorofluorocarbons, may enhance the greenhou effect and cau global warming. | |
greenhou gas | 温室气体 | Tho gas, such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, tropospheric ozone, nitrous oxide, and methane, that are transparent to solar radiation but opaque to longwave radiation. Their action is similar to that of glass in a greenhou. Also e greenhou effect and trace gas. | |
Greenland ice sheet | 格陵兰岛冰盖 | See ice sheet. | |
greywater | 生活污水 | wastewater from clothes washing machines, showers, bathtubs, handwashing, lavatories and sinks that are not ud for disposal of chemical or chemical-biological ingredients. | |
gross head [power] | 总水头 | The difference between the upstream water surface (forebay elevation) and the downstream water surface (afterbay elevation) after the water has pasd through the hydroelectric plant. | |
ground cover | 植被 | Plants grown to keep soil from eroding. | |
ground water | 地下水 | The water contained in interconnected pores located below the water table in an unconfined aquifer or located in a confined aquifer. | |
ground water [hydrology] | 地下水 | Generally all subsurface water as distinct from surface water; specifically, that part of the subsurface water in the saturated zone (a zone in which all voids are filled with water). | |
ground water disposal [wastewater] | 地下水处理 | Refers to wastewater that is dispod of through the ground either by epage or injection. This includes the following discharge methods, injection well, drain fields, percolation ponds, and spray fields (land application/spreading). Reu systems and land disposal systems are considered a ground water disposal method, such as the wastewater ud to irrigate turf or crops is generally intended to filter through the soil. | |
ground water, confined | 承压地下水 | The water contained in a confined aquifer. Pore-water pressure is greater than atmospheric at the top of the confined aquifer. | |
ground water, perched | 上层滞水 | The water in an isolated, saturated zone located in the zone of aeration. It is the result of the prence of a layer of material of low hydraulic conductivity, called a perching bed. Perched ground water will have a perched water table. | |
groundwater | 地下水 | water within the earth that supplies wells and springs; water in the zone of saturation where all openings in rocks and soil are filled, the upper surface of which forms the water table. | |
ground-water basin | 地下水盆地 | A rather vague designation pertaining to a ground-water rervoir that is more or less parate from neighboring ground-water rervoirs. A ground-water basin could be parated from adjacent basins by geologic boundaries or by hydrologic boundaries. | |
ground-water flow | 地下水流 | The movement of water through openings in diment and rock; occurs in the zone of saturation. | |
groundwater hydrology | 地下水水文学 | the branch of hydrology that deals with groundwater; its occurrence and movements, its replenishment and depletion, the properties of rocks that control groundwater movement and storage, and the methods of investigation and utilization of ground water. | |
groundwater law | 地下水法 | the common law doctrine of riparian rights and the doctrine of prior appropriation as applied to ground water. | |
ground-water mining | 地下水开采 | The practice of withdrawing ground water at rates in excess of the natural recharge. | |
groundwater recharge | 地下水补给 | the inflow to a ground water rervoir. | |
groundwater rervoir | 地下水库 | an aquifer or aquifer system in which ground water is stored. The water may be placed in the aquifer by artificial or natural means. | |
groundwater runoff | 地下水径流 | the portion of runoff which has pasd into the ground, has become ground water, and has been discharged into a stream channel as spring or epage water. | |
groundwater storage | 地下水储存 | the storage of water in groundwater rervoirs. | |
grout curtain | 灌浆帷幕 | An underground wall designed to stop ground-water flow; can be created by injecting grout into the ground, which subquently hardens to become impermeable. | |
growth water-u efficiency | 生长用水效率 | A measure at the individual plant level of how well plants u available water in growth. The units of dry matter synthesized are divided by the units of water lost. | |
gully | 冲沟 | a deeply eroded channel caud by the concentrated flow of water. | |
gully reclamation | 冲沟改良 | u of small dams of manure and straw; earth, stone,or concrete to collect silt and gradually fill in channels of eroded soil. | |
gyres | 涡流 | Major circular flow patterns in the oceans. The wind- driven eastward- and westward-flowing equatorial currents are blocked by the continents and rotate slowly in a clockwi direction in the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and in a counter- clockwi direction in the South Atlantic, South Pacific, and Indian Oceans. | |
hail | 冰雹 | a form of precipitation which forms into balls or lumps of ice over 0.2 inch in diameter. Hail is formed by alternate freezing and melting as precipitation is carried up and down in highly turbulent air currents. | |
half life | 半衰期 | The time it takes certain materials such as persistent pesticides to become chemically altered. | |
Hantush-Jacob formula | 汉图什—雅克布公式 | An equation to describe the change in hydraulic head with time during pumping of a leaky confined aquifer | |
hard water | 硬水 | water containing a high level of calcium, magnesium, and other minerals. Hard water reduces the cleansing power of soap and produces scale in hot water lines and appliances. | |
hardness | 硬度 | A characteristic of water caud by various salts, calcium, magnesium and iron (e.g., bicarbonates, sulfates, chlorides and nitrates); hazardous waste which becau of it quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical, or infectious characteristics may cau mortality (death), injury, or rious illness. | |
hardpan | 硬土层 | a shallow layer of earth material which has become relatively hard and impermeable, usually through the deposition of minerals. In the Edwards region hardpans of clay are common. | |
head | 水头 | the pressure of a fluid owing to its elevation, usually expresd in feet of head or in pounds per square inch, since a measure of fluid pressure is the height of a fluid column above a given or known point. | |
head, total | 总热 | The sum of the elevation head, the pressure head, and the velocity head at a given point in an aquifer. | |
headgate | 引水闸门 | the gate that controls water flow into irrigation canals and ditches. A watermaster regulates the headgates during water distribution and posts headgate notices declaring official regulations. | |
heat flux (thermal flux) | 热通量 | The amount of heat that is transferred across a surface of unit area in a unit of time. | |
heat island effect | 热岛效应 | A dome of elevated temperatures over an urban area caud by the heat absorbed by structures and pavement. | |
heat of vaporization | 汽化热 | the amount of heat necessary to convert a liquid (water) into vapor. | |
heavy water | 重水 | water in which all the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by deuterium. | |
herbicide | 除草剂 | Chemicals ud to kill undesirable vegetation. | |
herbivore | 草食动物 | An animal that feeds on plants. | |
heterogeneous | 非均质的 | Pertaining to a substance having different characteristics in different locations. A synonym is nonuniform. | |
hollow-stem auger | 冲击螺旋钻 | A particular kind of a drilling device whereby a hole is rapidly advanced into diments. Sampling and installation of the equipment can take place through the hollow" center of the auger. | |
Holocene | 全新世 | The most recent epoch of the Quaternary period , covering approximately the last 10,000 years. | |
homogeneous | 均质的 | Pertaining to a substance having identical characteristics everywhere. A synonym is uniform. | |
horizontal profiling | 水平剖面 | A method of making an earth-resistivity survey by measuring the apparent resistivity using the same electrode spacings at different grid points around an area. | |
humidity, absolute | 绝对湿度 | The amount of moisture in the air as expresd by the number of grams o water per cubic meter of air. | |
humidity, relative | 相对湿度 | Percent ratio of the absolute humidity to the saturation humidity for an air mass. | |
humidity, saturation | 饱和湿度 | The maximum amount of moisture that can be contained by an air mass at a given temperature. | |
humus | 腐殖质 | Decompod organic material. | |
hydraulic conductivity | 水力传导系数 | A coefficient of proportionality describing the rate at which water can move through a permeable medium. The density and kinematic viscosity of the water must be considered in determining hydraulic conductivity. | |
hydraulic diffusivity | 水力扩散率 | A property of an aquifer or confining bed defined as the ratio of the transmissivity to the storativity. | |
hydraulic gradient | 水力梯度 | The change in total head with a change in distance in a given direction. The direction is that which yields a maximum rate of decrea in head. Hydraulic head See head, total. | |
hydrochemical facies | 水文化学项 | Bodies of water with parate but distinct chemical compositions contained in an aquifer. | |
hydrodynamic dispersion | 水动力弥散 | The process by which ground water containing a solute is diluted with uncontaminated ground water as it moves through an aquifer | |
hydroelectric plant | 水电站 | electric power plant in which the energy of falling water is ud to spin a turbine generator to produce electricity. | |
hydroelectric plant capacity [power] | 水力发电能力 | Maximum power generation that can be produced under normal head and full flow conditions. | |
hydroelectric power water u | 水力发电用水 | the u of water in the generation of electricity at plants where the turbine generators are driven by falling water. Hydroelectric water u is classified as an instream u in this report. | |
hydroelectric power water u [water u category] | 水力发电用水 | Water ud in generating electricity at plants where the turbine generators are driven by falling water. Activities included in Standard Industrial Classification code 4911. | |
hydrogeology | 水文地质学 | The study of the interrelationships of geologic materials and process with water, especially ground water. | |
hydrograph | 水文过程线 | A graph which illustrates hydrologic measurements over a period of time, such as water level, discharge or velocity. | |
hydrograph | 水位图 | a chart that measures the amount of water flowing past a point as a function of time. | |
hydrologic budget | 水量收支 | A quantitative accounting of all water volumes and their changes with time for a basin or area. | |
hydrologic cycle | 水文循环 | The process of evaporation, vertical and horizontal transport of vapor, condensation, precipitation, and the flow of water from continents to oceans. It is a major factor in determining climate through its influence on surface vegetation, the clouds, snow and ice, and soil moisture. The hydrologic cycle is responsible for 25 to 30 percent of the mid-latitudes' heat transport from the equatorial to polar regions. | |
hydrologic cycle | 水文循环 | natural pathway water follows as it changes between liquid, solid, and gaous states; biogeochemical cycle that moves and recycles water in various forms through the ecosphere. Also called the water cycle. | |
hydrologic equation | 水文学方程 | An expression of the law of mass conrvation for purpos of water budgets. It may be stated as inflow equals outflow plus or minus changes in storage. | |
hydrologic unit | 水文单元 | is a geographic area reprenting part or all of a surface drainage basin or distinct hydrologic feature. | |
hydrology | 水文学 | The study of the occurrence, distribution, and chemistry of all waters of the earth. | |
hydrometer | 液体比重计 | an instrument ud to measure the density of a liquid. | |
hydrophyte | 水生植物 | A type of plant that grows with the root system submerged in standing water. | |
hydropower | 水能 | electrical energy produced by falling water. | |
hydrosphere | 水圈 | The aqueous envelope of the Earth, including the oceans, freshwater lakes, rivers, saline lakes and inland as, soil moisture and vado water, groundwaters, and atmospheric vapor. | |
hydrostatic equation | 静水方程 | In the vector equation of motion, the form assumed by the vertical component when all Coriolis, earth-curvature, frictional, and vertical-acceleration terms are considered negligible compared with tho involving the vertical pressure force and the force of gravity. The error in applying the hydrostatic equation to the atmosphere for cyclonic-scale motions is less than 0.01%. In extreme situations, the strong vertical accelerations in thunderstorms and mountain waves can be 1% of gravity. | |
hydrostatic head | 静水头 | a measure of pressure at a given point in a liquid in terms of the vertical height of a column of the same liquid which would produce the same pressure. | |
hydrostatic pressure | 静水压力 | pressure exerted by or existing within a liquid at rest with respect to adjacent bodies. | |
hydrostratigraphic unit | 水文地质单元 | A formation, part of a formation, or group of formations in which there are similar hydrologic characteristics allowing for grouping into aquifers or confining layers. | |
hygroscopic nuclei | 吸湿性核 | piece of dust or other particle around which water condens in the atmophere. The tiny droplets then collide and coalesce, with as many as 10,000 nuclei contributing to formation of a raindrop. | |
hygroscopic water | 吸湿水 | Water that clings to the surfaces of mineral particles in the zone of aeration. | |
hypolimnion | 下冷水层 | bottom layer of cold water in a lake. Compare epilimnion. | |
hypsithermal period | 温暖时期 | The period about 4000 to 8000 years ago when the Earth was apparently veral degrees warmer than it is now. More rainfall occurred in most of the subtropical dert regions and less in the central midwest United States and Scandinavia. It is also called the altithermal period and can rve as a past climate analog for predicting the regional pattern of climate change should the mean Earth surface temperature increa from an increa in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. | |
ice | 冰 | a solid form of water. | |
ice age | 冰期 | A glacial epoch or time of extensive glacial activity. Also, as Ice Age, which refers to the latest glacial epoch, the Pleistocene Epoch. | |
ice cover | 冰盖 | During the prent time, the extent, especially the thickness, of glacier ice on a land surface. Also the same as ice concentration, which is the ratio of an area of a ice to the total area of a surface within some large geographic area. | |
ice flow | 冰流 | See glacier flow. | |
ice front | 冰壁 | The floating vertical cliff that forms the award face or edge of a glacier or an ice shelf that enters water. It can vary from 2 to 50 m in height. | |
ice sheet (continental glacier) | 冰盖 | A glacier of considerable thickness and more than 50,000 sq km in area. It forms a continuous cover of ice and snow over a land surface. An ice sheet is not confined by the underlying topography but spreads outward in all directions. During the Pleistocene Epoch, ice sheets covered large parts of North America and northern Europe but they are now confined to polar regions (e.g., Greenland and Antarctica). | |
ice shelf | 冰架 | A sheet of very thick ice with a level or gently undulating surface. It is attached to the land on one side, but most of it is floating. On the award side, it is bounded by a steep cliff (ice front) 2 to 50 m or more above a level. Ice shelves have formed along polar coasts (e.g., Antarctica and Greenland); they are very wide with some extending veral hundreds of kilometers toward the a from the coastline. They increa in size from annual snow accumulation and award extension of land glaciers. They decrea in size from warming, melting, and calving. | |
ideal gas | 理想气体 | A gas having a volume that varies inverly with pressure at a constant temperature and that also expands by 1/273 of its volume at 00 C for each degree-ri in temperature at constant pressure. | |
image well | 镜像井 | An imaginary well that can be ud to simulate the effect of a hydrologic barrier, such as a recharge boundary or a barrier boundary, on the hydraulics of a pumping or recharge well. | |
impermeable layer | 不透水层 | A layer of material (clay) in an aquifer through which water does not pass. | |
impoundment | 蓄水 | a body of water such as a pond, confined by a dam, dike, floodgate or other barrier. It is ud to collect and store water for future u. | |
in channel u | 河道用水 | e instream u. | |
inchoate water right | 早期水权 | an unperfected water right. | |
indicator organisms | 指示剂 | microorganisms, such as coliforms, who prence is indicative of pollution or of more harmful microorganism. | |
indicator tests | 示踪试验 | tests for a specific contaminant, group of contaminants, or constituent which signals the prence of something el (ex., coliforms indicate the prence of pathogenic bacteria). | |
industrial water u | 工业用水 | water ud for industrial purpos such as fabrication, processing, washing, and cooling, and includes such industries as steel, chemical and allied products, paper and allied products, mining, and petroleum refining. The water may be obtained from a public supply or may be lf supplied. See also public supply and lf supplied water. | |
infiltration | 下渗 | The downward entry of water through the soil surface into the soil. | |
infiltration | 入渗 | The flow of water downward from the land surface into and through the upper soil layers. | |
infiltration capacity | 入渗能力 | The maximum rate at which infiltration can occur under specific conditions of soil moisture. For a given soil, the infiltration capacity is a function of the water content. | |
infiltration rate | 入渗率 | The quantity of water that enters the soil surface in a specified time interval. Often expresd in volume of water per unit of soil surface area per unit of time (in/hr, cm/hr). | |
injection well | 注射井 | A well drilled and constructed in such a manner that water can be pumped into an aquifer in order to recharge it. | |
inland freshwater wetlands | 内地淡水湿地 | swamps, marshes, and bogs found inland beyond the coastal saltwater wetlands. | |
incticide | 杀虫剂 | Chemicals ud to control undesirable incts. | |
instream u | 河内用水 | water that is ud, but not withdrawn, from a ground or surface water source for such purpos as hydroelectric power generation, navigation, water quality improvement, fish propagation, and recreation. Sometimes called nonwithdrawal u or in channel u. | |
interbasin transfer | 跨流域引水 | the physical transfer of water from one watershed to another; regulated by the Texas Water Code. | |
interception | 截留 | The process by which precipitation is captured on the surfaces of vegetation before it reaches the land surface. | |
interception loss | 截留损失 | Rainfall that evaporates from standing vegetation. | |
interflow | 壤中流 | The lateral movement of water in the unsaturated zone during and immediately after a precipitation event. The water moving as interflow discharges directly into a stream or lake. | |
intermediate zone | 中间带 | That part of the unsaturated zone below the root zone and above the capillary fringe. | |
intermittent stream | 间歇河流 | one that flows periodically. Compare perennial stream. | |
interstate water | 国家间的水 | according to law, interstate waters are defined as (1) rivers, lakes and other waters that flow across or form a part of state or international boundaries; (2) waters of the Great Lakes; (3) coastal waters who scope has been defined to include ocean waters award to the territorial limits and waters along the coastline (including inland streams) influenced by the tide. | |
interstices | 空隙 | the void or empty portion of rock or soil occupied by air or water. | |
intrinsic permeability | 内在渗透性 | Pertaining to the relative ea with which a porous medium can transmit a liquid under a hydraulic or potential gradient. It is a property of the porous medium and is independent of the nature of the liquid or the potential field. | |
ion exchange | 离子交换 | A process by which an ion in a mineral lattice is replaced by another ion that was prent in an aqueous solution. | |
irrigation | 灌溉 | The controlled application of water to cropland, hay fields, and/or pasture to supplement that supplied by nature. | |
irrigation district | 灌区 | a cooperative, lfgoverning public corporation t up as a subdivision of the State government, with definite geographic boundaries, organized and having taxing power to obtain and distribute water for irrigation of lands within the district; created under the authority of a State legislature with the connt of a designated fraction of t he landowners or citizens. | |
irrigation efficiency | 灌溉效率 | the percentage of water applied, and which can be accounted for, in the soil moisture increa for consumptive u. | |
irrigation return flow | 灌溉回归水 | water which is not consumptively ud by plants and returns to a surface or ground water supply. Under conditions of water right litigation, the definition may be restricted to measurable water returning to the stream from which it was diverted. | |
irrigation water | 灌溉水 | water which is applied to assist crops in areas or during times where rainfall is inadequate. | |
irrigation water u | 灌溉用水 | artificial application of water on lands to assist in the growing of crops and pastures or to maintain vegetative growth in recreational lands such as parks and golf cours. | |
isocon | 等浓度线 | A line drawn on a map to indicate equal concentrations of a solute in ground water. | |
isohyet | 等雨量线 | line that connects points of equal rainfall. | |
isohyetal line | 等雨量线 | A line drawn on a map, all points along which receive equal amounts of precipitation. | |
isopycnic | 等密度线 | A line on a chart that connects all points of equal or constant density. | |
isostatic adjustment (isostatic compensation) | 等压线调整 | The process whereby lateral transport at the Earth's surface from erosion or deposition is compensated for by movements in a subcrustal layer to maintain equilibrium among units of varying mass and densities. | |
isotherm | 等温线 | A line on a chart that connects all points of equal or constant temperature. | |
isotope | 同位素 | One of two or more atoms that have the same atomic number (i.e., the same number of protons in their nuclei) but have different mass numbers. | |
isotropy | 各向同性 | The condition in which hydraulic properties of the aquifer are equal in all directions. | |
jacob straight-line method | 雅可布直线法 | A graphical method using milogarithmic paper and the Theis equation for evaluating the results of a pumping test. | |
jet stream | 射流，喷流 | a long narrow meandering current of high-speed winds near the tropopau blowing from a generally westerly direction and often exceeding a speed of 250 miles per hour. | |
jetteau | 急流 | a jet of water. | |
jetty | 防波堤 | a structure (as a pier or mole of wood or stone) extending into a a, lake, or river to influence the current or tide or to protect a harbor. | |
joint | 节理 | Joint is a measure of how well or poorly sorted diment is. | |
juvenile water | 初生水 | Water entering the hydrologic cycle for the first time. | |
kalema | 激浪 | a violent surf that occurs on the coast of the Guinea region, West Africa. | |
karst | 喀斯特 | The type of geologic terrane underlain by carbonate rocks where significant solution of the rock has occurred due to flowing ground water. | |
Kemmerer sampler | 凯莫取样器 | A sampling device that can be lowered either into a deep well or into a lake in order to retrieve a water sample from a particular depth in the welt or the lake. | |
kilowatthour (kwh) | kWh | a unit of energy equivalent to one thousand watthours. | |
kinematic viscosity | 运动粘滞性 | The ratio of dynamic viscosity to mass density. It is obtained by dividing dynamic viscosity by the fluid density. Units of kinematic viscosity are square meters per cond. | |
laboratory water | 实验室水 | purified water ud in the laboratory as a basis for making up solutions or making dilutions. Water devoid of interfering substances. | |
lag time | 滞留时间 | the time from the center of a unit storm to the peak discharge or center of volume of the corresponding unit hydrograph. | |
lagoon | 泻湖,牛轭湖 | a shallow pond where sunlight, bacterial action, and oxygen work to purify wastewater. Lagoons are typically ud for the storage of wastewaters, sludges, liquid wastes, or spent nuclear fuel. | |
lake | 湖 | an inland body of water, usually fresh water, formed by glaciers, river drainage etc. Usually larger than a pool or pond. | |
laminar flow | 层流 | That type of flow in which the fluid particles follow paths that are smooth, straight, and parallel to the channel walls. In laminar flow, the viscosity of the fluid damps out turbulent motion. Compare with Turbulent flow. | |
land pan | 陆地蒸发皿 | A device ud to measure free-water evaporation. | |
landscape impoundment | 景观水 | body of reclaimed water which is ud for aesthetic enjoyment or which otherwi rves a function not intended to include contact recreation. | |
Laplace equation | 拉普拉斯方程 | The partial differential equation governing steady-state flow of ground water. | |
lap rate | 垂直梯度 | The rapidity with which temperature decreas with altitude. The normal lap rate is defined to be 3.6 degrees F per 1000 feet change in altitude. The dry adiabatic lap rate is about 5.5 degrees F per 1000 feet, and the wet adiabatic lap rate varies between 2 and 5 degrees F per 1000 feet. | |
latent heat | 潜热 | The heat (energy) absorbed or relead as water changes between the gas (water vapor), the liquid (water droplets), and the solid (ice) states. | |
law of mass action | 质量作用定律 | The law stating that for a reversible chemical reaction the rate of reaction is proportional to the concentrations of the reactants. | |
leachate | 淋滤 | water containing contaminants which leaks from a disposal site such as a landfill or dump. | |
leachate collection system | 淋滤采集系统 | A system installed in conjunction with a liner to capture the leachate that may be generated from a landfill so that it may be taken away and treated. | |
leaching | 淋滤作用 | extraction or flushing out of dissolved or suspended materials from the soil, solid waste, or another medium by water or other liquids as they percolate down through the medium to groundwater. | |
leaky confining layer | 越流层 | A low-permeability layer that can transmit water at sufficient rates to furnish some recharge to a well pumping from an underlying aquifer. Also called aquitard. | |
lentic system | 静水系统 | a nonflowing or standing body of fresh water, such as a lake or pond. Compare lotic system. | |
levee | 防洪堤 | a natural or man-made earthen obstruction along the edge of a stream, lake, or river. Usually ud to restrain the flow of water out of a river bank. | |
limestone | 灰岩 | rock that consists mainly of calcium carbonate and is chiefly formed by accumulation of organic remains. | |
limiting factor | 限制因素 | factor such as temperature, light, water, or a chemical that limits the existence, growth, abundance, or distribution of an organism. | |
limnology | 湖沼学 | scientific study of physical, chemical, and biological conditions in lakes, ponds, and streams. | |
liner | 衬砌 | A low-permeability material, such as clay or plastic sheeting, that is put beneath a landfill in order to capture any leachate generated so as to help to prevent ground-water contamination. | |
liquid | 液体 | The part of the hydrologic cycle in which molecules move freely among themlves but do not parate like tho in a vapor/gaous state. | uefa|
lithologic log | 岩石测井 | A record of the lithology of the rock and soil encountered in a borehole from the surface to the bottom. Also known as a well. | |
lithosphere | 岩石圈 | The component of the Earth's surface comprising the rock, soil, and diments. It is a relatively passive component of the climate system, and its physical character- istics are treated as fixed elements in the determination of climate. | |
little ice age | 小冰期 | A cold period that lasted from about A.D. 1550 to about A.D. 1850 in Europe, North America, and Asia. This period was marked by rapid expansion of mountain glaciers, especially in the Alps, Norway, Ireland, and Alaska. There were three maxima, beginning about 1650, about 1770, and 1850, each parated by slight warming intervals. | |
livestock water u | 牲畜用水 | water for livestock watering, feed lots, dairy operations, fish farming, and other on farm needs. Livestock as ud here includes cattle, sheep, goats, hogs, and poultry. Also included are animal specialties. See also rural water u and animal specialties water u. | |
loess | 黄土 | A buff-colored, wind-blown deposit of fine silt, which is frequently expod in bluffs with steep faces. The thickness can range from 6 to 30 m. The loess of the USA and Europe is thought to be the fine materials first transported and deposited by the waters of melting ice sheets during the glacial period. It was later blown consider- able distances with, in some cas, deposition in lakes. The origin of Asiatic loess, however, is apparently wind-blown dust from central Asian derts. | |
lysimeter | 土壤渗透仪 | A field device containing a soil column and vegetation; ud for measuring actual evapotranspiration. | |
magmatic water | 岩浆水 | Water associated with a magma. | |
magnetometer | 磁力计 | A geophysical device that can be ud to locate items that disrupt the earth's localized magnetic field; can be ud for finding buried steel. | |
manning equation | 满宁公式 | An equation that can be ud to compute the average velocity of flow in an open channel. | |
mariculture | 海洋生物养殖 | cultivation of fish and shellfish in estuarine and coastal areas. Compare aquiculture. | |
marsh | 沼泽地 | A type of wetland that does not accumulate appreciable peat deposits and is dominated by herbacious vegetation. Marshes may be fresh- or saltwater, tidal or nontidal. | |
mass balance | 质量平衡 | The application of the principle of the conrvation of matter. For example, the mass of a glacier is not destroyed or created; the mass of a glacier and all its constitutive components remains the same despite alterations in their physical states. The mass balance of a glacier is calculated with the input/output relationships of ice, firn, and snow, usually measured in water equivalent. Output includes all ablative process of surface melting, basal melting, evaporation, wind deflation, calving, and internal melting. Input includes direct precipitation, avalanching, and the growth of superimpod ice. | |
mean a level | 平均海平面 | The average height of the a surface, bad upon hourly obrvation of the tide height on the open coast or in adjacent waters that have free access to the a. In the United States, it is defined as the average height of the a surface for all stages of the tide over a nineteen year period. Mean a level, commonly abbreviated as MSL and referred to simply as a level, rves as the reference surface for all altitudes in upper atmospheric studies. | |
median streamflow | 中弘水流 | the rate of discharge of a stream for which there are equal numbers of greater and lesr flow occurrences during a specified period. | |
melting | 融化 | the changing of a solid into a liquid. | |
mesic environment | 湿地环境 | A habitat with a moderate amount of water. | |
meteoric water | 大气水 | new water derived from the atmosphere. | |
method blank | 方法箱 | laboratory grade water taken through the entire analytical procedure to determine if samples are being accidentally contaminated by chemicals in the lab | |
micrograms per liter - ug/l | μg/l | micrograms per liter of water. One thousands micrograms per liter is equivalent to 1 milligram per liter. This measure is equivalent to parts per billion (ppb) | |
migration | 运移 | the movement of oil, gas, contaminants, water, or other liquids through porous and permeable rock. | |
milligrams per liter | mg/l | A measure of the amount of dissolved solids in a solute in terms of the milligrams of solute per liter of solution. | |
million gallons per day (Mgal/d) | Mgal/ | a rate of flow of water. | |
minimum streamflow | 最小河流量 | the specific amount of water rerved to support aquatic life, to minimize pollution, or for recreation. It is subject to the priority system and does not affect water rights established prior to its institution. | |
mining water u | 采矿用水 | water u for the extraction of minerals occurring naturally including solids, such as coal and ores; liquids, such as crude petroleum; and gas, such as natural gas. Also includes us associated with quarrying, well operations (dewatering), milling (crushing, screening, washing, floatation, and so forth), and other preparations customarily done at the mine site or as part of a mining activity. Does not include water ud in processing, such as smelting, refining petroleum, or slurry pipeline operations. The us are included in industrial water u. | |
mist | 薄雾 | Liquid particles 40 to 500 microns in diameter that are formed by condensation of vapor in air. | |
model calibration | 模型识别 | The process by which the independent variables of a digital computer model are varied in order to calibrate a dependent variable such as a head against a known value such as a water-table map. | |
model field verification | 模型野外验证 | The process by which a digital computer model that has been calibrated and verified is tested to e if it can predict the field respon of an aquifer to some transient condition. | |
model verification | 模型验证 | The process by which a digital computer model that has been calibrated against a steady-state condition is tested to e if it can generate a transient respon, such as the decline in the water table with pumping, that matches the known history of the aquifer. | |
modeling | 模拟 | An investigative technique that us a mathematical or physical reprentation of a system or theory that accounts for all or some of its known properties. Models are often ud to test the effects of changes of system components on the overall performance of the system. | |
moisture potential | 潜在湿度 | The tension on the pore water in the unsaturated zone due to the attraction of the soil-water interface. | |
Molality | 摩尔浓度 | A measure of chemical concentration. A one-molar solution has one mole of solute dissolved in 1000 grams of water. One mole of a compound is its formula weight in grams. | |
monsoon | 季风 | A name for asonal winds, first applied to the winds over the Arabian Sea that blow for six months from the northeast and for six months from the southwest. The term has been extended to similar winds in other parts of the world (i.e., the prevailing west to northwest winds of summer in Europe have been called the European monsoon). | |
municipal wage | 市政污水 | wage from a community which may be compod of domestic wage, industrial wastes or both. | |
natural flow | 天然水流 | the rate of water movement past a specified point on a natural stream. The flow comes from a drainage area in which there has been no stream diversion caud by storage, import, export, return flow, or change in consumptive u caud by man-controlled modifications to land u. Natural flow rarely occurs in a developed country. | |
natural gamma radiation log | 自然伽玛测井 | A borehole log that measures the natural gamma radiation emitted by the formation rocks. It can be ud to delineate subsurface rock types. | |
natural resource | 天然资源 | any form of matter or energy obtained from the environment that meets human needs. | |
natural lection | 自然选择 | The process of survival of the fittest by which organisms that adapt to their environment survive while tho that do not adapt disappear. | |
| 储物间英文 | net primary production | 净主要生产力 | The part of the gross primary production that remains stored in the producer organism (primarily green plants) after deducting the amount ud during the process of respiration. Abbreviated NPP. |
Neumann condition | 纽曼条件 | The boundary condition for a ground-water-flow model where a flux across the boundary of the flow region is known. | |
neutron log | 中子测井 | A borehole log obtained by lowering a radioactive element, which is a source of neutrons, and a neutron detector into the well. The neutron log measures the amount of water prent; hence, the porosity of the formation. | |
NIPDWR | 天然临时主要饮水法规 | National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations. | |
nitrate | 硝酸盐 | (NO3): An important plant nutrient and type of inorganic fertilizer (most highly oxidized pha in the nitrogen cycle). In water, the major sources of nitrates are ptic tanks, feed lots and fertilizers. | |
nitrite | 亚硝酸盐 | (NO2): Product in the first step of the two-step process of conversion of ammonium (NH4) to nitrate (NO3). | |
nitrogen | 氮 | a plant nutrient that can cau an overabundance of bacteria and algae when high amounts are prent, leading to a depletion of oxygen and fish kills. Several forms occur in water, including ammonia, nitrate, nitrite or elemental nitrogen. High levels of nitrogen in water are usually caud by agricultural runoff or improperly operating wastewater treatment plants. Also e phosphorous. | |
nonconsumptive u | 非消耗用水 | using water in a way that does not reduce the supply. Examples include hunting, fishing, boating, water-skiing, swimming, and some power production. Compare consumptive u. | |
nonequilibrium type curve | 非稳定流曲线 | A plot on logarithmic paper of the well function W(u) as a function of u. | |
nonpoint source | 非点源 | source of pollution in which wastes are not relead at one specific, identifiable point but from a number of points that are spread out and difficult to identify and control. Compare point source. | |
nonpoint source pollution | 非点源污染 | Widespread overland runoff containing pollutants; the contamination does not originate from one specific location, and pollution discharges over a wide land area. | |
nonporous | 无孔隙物 | something which does not allow water to pass through it. Compare porous. | |
nonpotable | 非饮用的 | not suitable for drinking. Compare potable. | |
nutrient | 富营养的 | as a pollutant, any element or compound, such as phosphorous or nitrogen, that fuels abnormally high organic growth in aquatic ecosystems. Also e eutrophic. | |
obrvation well | 观测井 | A nonpumping well ud to obrve the elevation of the water table or the potentiometric surface. An obrvation well is generally of larger diameter than a piezometer and typically is screened or slotted throughout the thickness of the aquifer. | |
ocean mixing | 海洋混合 | Process that involve rates of advection, upwelling/ downwelling, and eddy diffusion and that determine how rapidly excess atmospheric carbon dioxide can be taken up by the oceans. | |
offstream u | 河岸用水 | water withdrawn or diverted from a ground or surface water source for public water supply, industry, irrigation, livestock, thermoelectric power generation, and other us. Sometimes called off channel u or withdrawal | |
oligotrophic | 贫营养的 | having a low supply of plant nutrients. Compare eutrophic. | |
opacity | 不透明 | The degree of obscuration of light; for example, a glass window has almost 0% opacity, whereas a concrete wall has 100% opacity. | |
open system | 开放系统 | system in which energy and matter are exchanged between the system and its environment, for example, a living organism. | |
organic chemicals | 有机化学制品 | chemicals containing carbon. | |
organic compounds | 有机化合物 | Natural or synthetic substances bad on carbon. | |
orogeny | 地形 | period of mountain-building. | |
orographic precipitation | 地形雨 | rainfall that occurs as a result of warm, humid air being forced to ri by topographic features such as mountains. Precipitation on the Edwards Plateau is slightly higher becau of the orographic effect of the escarpment and hills. | |
outcrop | 露头 | expod at the surface. The Edwards limestone outcrops in its recharge zone. | |
outfall | 排污口 | the place where a wastewater treatment plant discharges treated water into the environment. | |
outwash | 冰水堆积 | a deposit of sand and gravel formed by streams of meltwater flowing from a glacier. | |
overland flow | 地面径流 | The flow of water over a land surface due to direct precipitation. Over-land flow generally occurs when the precipitation rate exceeds the infiltration capacity of the soil and depression storage is full. Also called Horton overland flow. | |
overwithdrawal | 超采 | Withdrawal of groundwater over a period of time that exceeds the recharge rate of the supply aquifer. | |
oxygen demanding waste | 需氧废物 | organic water pollutants that are usually degraded by bacteria if there is sufficient dissolved oxygen (DO) in the water. | |
ozone | 臭氧 | A molecule made up of three atoms of oxygen. In the statosphere, it occurs naturally and it provides a protective layer shielding the Earth from ultraviolet radiation and subquent harmful health effects on humans and the environment. In the troposphere, it is a chemical oxidant and major component of photochemical smog. | |
packer test | 水实验 | An aquifer test performed in an open borehole; the gment of the borehole to be tested is aled ofirom the rest of the bore hole by inflating als, called packers, both above and below the gment. | |
paleosol | 古土壤 | An ancient soil or soil horizon that formed on the surface during the geologic past. | |
paludification | 金星网泥炭化作用 | The expansion of a bog caud by the gradual rising of the water table as accumulation of peat impedes water drainage. | |
peak flow | 洪峰流量 | in a wastewater treatment plant, the highest flow expected to be encoutered under any operational conditions, including periods of high rainfall and prolonged periods of wet weather. | |
per capita u | 用水定额 | the average amount of water ud per person during a standard time period, generally per day. | |
perched aquifer | 上层滞水含水层 | An aquifer containing unconfined (unpressurized) groundwater held above a lower body of groundwater by an unsaturated zone, often a result of clay lens in the soil strata. | |
perched water table | 上层滞水 | groundwater standing unprotected over a confined zone. | |
percolating waters | 下渗水 | waters passing through the ground beneath the Earth's surface without a definite channel. | |
percolation | 渗透 | The movement of water downward and radially through the subsurface soil layers, usually continuing downward to the groundwater. | |
percolation | 渗透,下渗 | the movement of water through the subsurface soil layers, usually continuing downward to the groundwater or water table rervoirs. | |
perennial stream | 常年河流 | one that flows all year round. Compare intermittent stream. | |
permafrost | 永久冻土层 | Perennially frozen ground that occurs wherever the temperature remains below 0 degrees C for veral years. | |
permeability | 渗透性 | the ability of a water bearing material to transmit water. It is measured by the quantity of water passing through a unit cross ction, in a unit time, under 100 percent hydraulic gradient. | |
permeable | 渗透的 | Capable of transmitting water (porous rock, diment, or soil). | |
permeable layer | 渗透层 | A layer of porous material (rock, soil, unconsolidated diment). In an aquifer, the layer through which water freely pass as it moves through the ground. | |
pH | pH | numeric value that describes the intensity of the acid or basic (alkaline) conditions of a solution. The pH scale is from 0 to 14, with the neutral point at 7.0. Values lower than 7 indicate the prence of acids and greater than 7.0 the prence of alkalis (bas). Technically speaking, pH is the logarithm of the reciprocal (negative log) of the hydrogen ion concentration (hydrogen ion activity) in moles per liter. | |
phenology | 生物气候学 | The study of periodic biological phenomena with relation to climate, particularly asonal changes. The phenomena can be ud to interpret local asons and the climatic zones. | |
phosphorous | 含磷的 | a plant nutrient that can cau an overabundance of bacteria and algae when high amounts are prent, leading to a depletion of oxygen and fish kills. High levels of phosphorous in water are usually caud by agricultural runoff or improperly operating wastewater treatment plants. Also e nitrogen. | |
photochemical smog | 光化学烟雾 | Air pollution caud by chemical reactions among various substances and pollutants in the atmosphere. | |
photoelectric | 光电的 | Of or relating to the electrical effects of light, including the emission of electrons, the generation of a voltage, or a change in resistance. | |
photosynthesis | 光和作用 | The manufacture by plants of carbohydrates and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water in the prence of chlorophyll with sunlight as the energy source. Oxygen and water vapor are relead in the process. Photosynthesis is dependent on favorable temperature and moisture conditions as well as on the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. Incread levels of carbon dioxide can increa net photosynthesis in many plants. | |
phreatic water | 潜水 | Water in the zone of saturation. | |
phreatophytes | 地下水湿生植物 | plants that nd their roots into or below the capillary zone to u ground water. | |
physical weathering | 物理风化 | breaking down of parent rock into bits and pieces by exposure to temperature and changes and the physical action of moving ice and water, growing roots, and human activities such as farming and construction. Compare chemical weathering. | |
piezometroc surface | 测压面 | the imaginary surface to which groundwater ris under hydrostatic pressure in wells or springs. | |
plate tectonics | 板块构造 | refers to the folding and faulting of rock and flow of molten lava involving lithospheric plates in the earth's crust and upper mantle. | |
pleistocene | 更新世 | The earlier of the two epochs of the Quaternary period, starting 2 to 3 million years before the prent and ending about 10,000 years ago. It was a time of glacial activity. | |
pluvial | 洪水的 | pertaining to precipitation. | |
point source | 点源 | source of pollution that involves discharge of wastes from an identifiable point, such as a smokestack or wage treatment plant. Compare nonpoint source. | |
point source pollution | 点源污染 | Pollutants discharged from any identifiable point including pipes, ditches, channels, wers, tunnels, and containers of various types. | |
polar coordinates | 极坐标 | The means by which the position of a point in a two-dimensional plane is described; bad upon the radial distance from the origin to the given point and the angle between a horizontal line passing through the origin and a line extending from the origin to the given point. | |
pollutant | 污染物 | Any solute or cau of change in physical properties that renders water unfit for a given u. | |
pollution | 污染 | undesireable change in the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of the air, water, or land that can harmfully affect the health, survival, or activities of human or other living organisms. | |
pollution plume | 污染晕 | An area of a stream or aquifer containing degraded water resulting from migration of a pollutant. | |
pond | 池 | a body of water usually smaller than a lake and larger than a pool either naturally or artificially confined. | |
pore space | 空隙 | The volume between mineral grains in a porous medium. | |
porosity | 孔隙度 | The ratio of the volume of void spaces in a rock or diment to the total volume of the rock or diment. | |
porosity, effective | 有效孔隙度 | The volume of the void spaces through which water or other fluids can travel in a rock or diment divided by the total volume of the rock or diment. | |
porosity, primary | 原生孔隙度 | The porosity that reprents the original pore openings when a rock or diment formed. | |
porosity, condary | 次生孔隙度 | The porosity that has been caud by fractures or weathering in a rock or diment after it has been formed. | |
porous | 多孔的 | something which allows water to pass through it. Compare nonporous. | |
positive feedback | 正反馈 | An interaction that amplifies the respon of the system in which it is incorporated. | |
potable | 可饮用的 | suitable, safe, or prepared for drinking. Compare non-potable. | |
potable water | 可饮用水 | Water that is fit to drink. | |
potentiometric map | 测压水头线图 | A contour map of the potentiometric surface of a particular hydro geologic unit. | |
potentiometric surface | 静水压面 | A surface that reprents the level to which water will ri in tightly cad wells. If the head varies significantly with depth in the aquifer, then there may be more than one potentiometric surface. The water table is a particular potentiometric surface for an unconfined aquifer. | |
ppm - parts per million | ppm | number of parts of a chemical found in one million parts of a solid, liquid, or gaous mixture. Equivalent to milligrams per liter (mg/L). | |
precipitate | 沉淀物 | a solid which has come out of an aqueous solution. (ex., iron from groundwater precipitates to a rust colored solid when expod to air). | |
precipitation | 降水 | Any or all forms of liquid or solid water particles that fall from the atmosphere and reach the Earth's surface. It includes drizzle, rain, snow, snow pellets, snow grains, ice crystals, ice pellets, and hail. The ratio of precipitation to evaporation is the most important factor in the distribution of vegetation zones. Precipitation is also defined as a measure of the quantity, expresd in centimeters or milliliters of liquid water depth, of the water substance that has fallen at a given location in a specified amount of time. | |
principal aquifer | 主要含水层 | The aquifer in a given area that is the important economic source of water to wells for drinking, irrigation, etc. | |
public supply | 公共供水 | water withdrawn by public and private water suppliers and delivered to urs. Public suppliers provide water for a variety of us, such as domestic, commercial, thermoelectric power, industrial, and public water u. See also commercial water u, domestic water u, thermoelectric power water u, industrial water u, and public water u. | |
public supply deliveries | 公共用水输水 | water provided to urs through a public supply distribution system. | |
public water u | 公共用水 | water supplied from a public water supply and ud for such purpos as firefighting, street washing, and municipal parks and swimming pools. See also public supply. | |
pump | 泵 | a device which moves, compress, or alters the pressure of a fluid, such as water or air, being conveyed through a natural or artificial channel. | |
pumped hydroelectric storage | 抽水蓄能 | storing water for future u in generating electricity. Excess electrical energy produced during a period of low demand is ud to pump water up to a rervoir. When demand is high, the water is relead to operate a hydroelectric generator. | |
pumping cone | 抽水漏斗 | The area around a discharging well where the hydraulic head in the aquifer has been lowered by pumping. Also called cone of depression. | |
pumping test | 抽水试验 | A test made by pumping a well for a period of time and obrving the change in hydraulic head in the aquifer. A pumping test may be ud to determine the capacity of the well and the hydraulic characteristics of the aquifer. Also called aquifer test | |
purge | 净化 | to force a gas through a water sample to liberate volatile chemicals or other gas from the water so their level can be measured. | |
quaternary period | 第四纪 | The latest period of geologic time, covering the most- recent 2,000,000 years of the Earth's history. It is divided into two epochs: the Pleistocene - 2 million years ago to approximately 10,000 years ago - and the Holocene - the period from approximately 10,000 years ago to the prent. The Quaternary period is the artificial division of time parating prehuman and human periods. It contains five ice ages and four interglacial ages, and temperature indicators em to show sharp and abrupt changes by veral degrees. | |
radial flow | 辐向流 | The flow of water in an aquifer toward a vertically oriented well. | |
radiation balance | 放射性平衡 | The difference between the absorbed solar radiation and the net infrared radiation. Experimental data show that radiation from the earth's natural surfaces is rather clo to the radiation from a black body at the corresponding temperature; the ratio of the obrved values of radiation to black body radiation is generally 0.90 - 1.0. | |
radiatively active gas | 放射性活性气体 | Gas that absorb incoming solar radiation or outgoing infrared radiation, thus affecting the vertical temperature profile of the atmosphere. Most frequently being cited as being radiatively active gas are water vapor, CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and ozone. | |
rain | 雨 | water drops which fall to the earth from the air. | |
rain gage | 雨量站 | any instrument ud for recording and measuring time, distribution, and the amount of rainfall. | |
rating curve | 率定曲线 | A graph of the discharge of a river at a particular point as a function of the elevation of the water surface. | |
RCRA | 资源保护与恢复法规 | Resource Conrvation and Recovery Act - federal legislation requiring that hazardous waste be tracked from "cradle" (generation) to "grave" (disposal). | |
recharge | 补给 | The process by which water is added to a rervoir or zone of saturation, often by runoff or percolation from the soil surface. | |
recharge area | 补给区 | An area in which there are downward components of hydraulic head in the aquifer. Infiltration moves downward into the deeper parts of an aquifer in a recharge area. | |
recharge basin | 补给盆地 | A basin or pit excavated to provide a means of allowing water to soak into the ground at rates exceeding tho that would occur naturally. | |
recharge boundary | 补给边界 | An aquifer system boundary that adds water to the aquifer. Streams and lakes are typically recharge boundaries. | |
recharge well | 补给井 | A well specifically designed so that water can be pumped into an aquifer in order to recharge the ground-water rervoir. | |
recharge zone | 补给区 | the area where a formation allows available water to enter the aquifer. Generally, that area where the Edwards Aquifer and associated limestones crop out in Kinney, Uvalde, Medina, Bexar, Comal, Hays, Travis, and Williamson counties and the outcrops of other formations in proximity to the Edwards limestone, where faulting and fracturing may allow recharge of the surface waters to the Edwards Aquifer. | |
recovery | 恢复 | The rate at which the water level in a well ris after the pump has been shut off. It is the inver of drawdown. | |
recurrence interval | 重现期 | average amount of time between events of a given magnitude. For example, there is a 1% chance that a 100-year flood will occur in any given year. | |
recycled water | 循环水 | water that is ud more than one time before it pass back into the natural hydrologic system. | |
relative a level | 相对海平面 | The height of the boundary between a and air as measured in relationship to a fixed reference point on land. | |
rerves | 储量 | amount of a particular resource in known locations that can be extracted at a profit with prent technology and prices. | |
rervoir | 水库 | a pond, lake, tank, or basin (natural or human made) where water is collected and ud for storage. Large bodies of groundwater are called groundwater rervoirs; water behind a dam is also called a rervoir of water. | |
residence time | 滞流时间 | The size of any specific rervoir or pool of mass (e.g., carbon) divided by the total flux of mass into or out of that pool. | |
residential water u | 居民用水 | e domestic water u. | |
residual chlorine | 残余氯 | the available chlorine which remains in solution after the demand has been satisfied. Compare chlorine demand. | |
resistivity log | 电阻率测井 | A borehole log made by lowering two current electrodes into the borehole and measuring the resistivity between two additional electrodes. It measures the electrical resistivity of the formation and contained fluids near the probe. | |
respiration | 呼吸 | A biochemical process by which living organisms take up oxygen from the environment and consume organic matter, releasing both carbon dioxide and heat. In plants, the organic matter in photosynthate produced during daylight hours. | |
retardation | 延迟 | A general term for the many process that act to remove the solutes in ground water; for many solutes the solute front will travel more slowly than the rate of the advecting ground water. | |
return flow | 回归水 | the water that reaches a ground or surface water source after relea from the point of u and thus becomes available for further u. | |
reu | 重复利用 | e recycled water. | |
Reynold’s number | 雷诺数 | A number, defined by an equation, that can be ud to determine whether flow will be laminar or turbulent. | |
ridge lines | 山脊线 | Points of higher ground that parate two adjacent streams or watersheds; also known as divides. | |
right of free capture | 自由捕获权 | the idea that the water under a person's land belongs to that person and they are free to capture and u as much as they want. Also called the "law of the biggest pump". | |
riparian zone | 河岸带 | a stream and all the vegetation on its banks. | |
river | 河,江 | a natural stream of water of considerable volume. | |
river basin | 河流流域 | the area drained by a river and its tributaries. | |
rock, igneous | 岩浆岩 | A rock formed by the cooling and crystallization of a molten rock mass called magma. | |
rock, metamorphic | 变质岩 | A rock formed by the application of heat and pressure to preexisting rocks. | |
rock, plutonic | 深成岩 | An igneous rock formed when magma cools and crystallizes within the earth. | |
rock, dimentary | 沉积岩 | A rock formed from diments through a process known as diagenesis or formed by chemical precipitation in water. | |
rock, volcanic | 火山岩 | An igneous rock formed when molten rock called lava cools on the earth’s surface. | |
root zone | 根系带 | The zone from the land surface to the depth penetrated by plant roots. The root zone may contain part or all of the unsaturated zone, depending upon the depth of the roots and the thickness of the unsaturated zone. | |
runoff | 径流 | The total amount of water flowing in a stream. It includes overland flow, return flow, interflow, and baflow. | |
rural water u | 乡村用水 | term ud in previous water u circulars to describe water ud in suburban or farm areas for domestic and livestock needs. The water generally is lf supplied, and includes domestic u, drinking water for livestock, and other us, such as dairy sanitation, evaporation from stock watering ponds, and cleaning and waste disposal. See also domestic water u, livestock water u, and lf supplied water. | |
safe yield | 安全出水量 | The amount of naturally occurring ground-water that can be economically and legally withdrawn from an aquifer on a sustained basis without impairing the native ground-water quality or creating an undesirable effect such as environmental damage. It cannot exceed the increa in recharge or leakage from adjacent strata plus the reduction in discharge, which is due to the decline in head caud by pumping. | |
saline water | 咸水 | water containing more than 1,000 parts per million (ppm) of dissolved solids of any type. Compare fresh water. 淡水 | |
saline-water encroachment | 盐水入侵 | The movement, as a result of human activity, of saline ground water into an aquifer formerly occupied by fresh water. Passive saline-water encroachment occurs at a slow rate owing to a general lowering of the fresh-water potentiometric surface. Active saline-water encroachment proceeds at a more rapid rate owing to the lowering of the fresh-water potentiometric surface below a level. | |
salinity | 盐度 | amount of dissolved salts in a given volume of water. | |
salinization | 盐碱化 | The condition in which the salt content of soil accumulates over time to above normal levels; occurs in some parts of the world where water containing high salt concentration evaporates from fields irrigated with standing water. | |
salt marsh | 盐沼 | A low coastal grassland frequently inundated by the tide. | |
saltwater | 盐水 | Water that contains a relatively high percentage (over 0.5 parts per thousand) of salt minerals. | |
saltwater intrusion | 盐水入侵 | Process by which an aquifer is over drafted creating a flow imbalance within an area that results in salt water encroaching into freshwater supply. | |
sand model | 砂模型 | A scale model of an aquifer; built using a porous medium to demonstrate ground-water flow. | |
saturated zone | 饱和带 | The zone in which the voids in the rock or soil are filled with water at a pressure greater than atmospheric. The water table is the top of the saturated zone in an unconfined aquifer. | |
saturation | 饱和 | the condition of a liquid when it has taken into solution the maximum possible quantity of a given substance at a given temperature and pressure. | |
saturation ratio | 饱和比 | The ratio of the volume of contained water in a soil to the volume of the voids of the soil. | |
saturation zone | 饱和带 | The portion that's saturated with water is called the zone of saturation. The upper surface of this zone, open to atmospheric pressure, is known as the water table. | |
al | 不透水物 | the impermeable material, such as cement grout bentonite, or puddling clay placed in the annular space between the borehole wall and the casing of a water well to prevent the downhole movement of surface water or the vertical mixing of artestian waters. | |
asonal variation | 季节变化 | The change in a t of meteorological parameters averaged over three months. Seasonal variation is the largest climatic variation, and temperature is the most frequently obrved meteorological parameter. Often, monthly averaged data are grouped into asons, according to the prescribed definition. | |
condary aquifer | 次要含水层 | Any aquifer that is not the main source of water to wells in a given area - includes shallow and perched aquifers. | |
diment | 沉积物 | soil particles, sand, and minerals washed from the land into aquatic systems as a result of natural and human activities. | |
dimentary cycle | 沉积循环 | biogeochemical cycle in which materials primarily are moved from land to a and back again. | |
dimentation | 沉积作用 | a large scale water treatment process where heavy solids ttle out to the bottom of the treatment tank after flocculation. | |
ep | 渗透 | a spot where water contained in the ground oozes slowly to the surface and often forms a pool; a small spring. | |
epage velocity | 渗透速度 | The actual rate of movement of fluid particles through porous media. | |
ismic refraction | 地震折射 | A method of determining subsurface geophysical properties by measuring the length of time it takes for artificially generated ismic waves to pass through the ground. | |
lf supplied water | 自己供水 | water withdrawn from a surface or ground water source by a ur rather than being obtained from a public supply. | |
nsible heat | 有感热 | The excess radiative energy that has pasd from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere through advection, conduction, and convection process. | |
parate wer | 分散的下水道 | a wer system that carries only sanitary wage, not stormwater runoff. When a wer is constructed this way, wastewater treatment plants can be sized to treat sanitary wastes only and all of the water entering the plant receives complete treatment at all times. Compare combined wer. | |
ptic tank | 化粪池 | underground receptacle for wastewater from a home. The bacteria in the wage decopo the organic wastes, and the sludge ttles to the bottom of the tank. The effluent flows out of the tank into the ground through drains. | |
siltation | 淤积 | the deposition of finely divided soil and rock particles upon the bottom of stream and river beds and rervoirs. | |
sinkhole spring | 落水洞泉 | A spring created by ground water flowing from a sinkhole in karst terrane. | |
sleet | 冰雨 | precipitation which is a mixture of rain and ice. | |
slickensides | 岩石光滑面 | a smooth striated polished surface produced on rock by movement along a fault. | |
sludge | 软泥,污泥 | solid matter that ttles to the bottom of dimentation tanks in a wage treatment plant and must be dispod of by digestion or other methods or recycled to the land. | |
slug test | 提桶抽注水试验 | An aquifer test made either by pouring a small instantaneous charge of water into a well or by withdrawing a slug of water from the well. A synonym for this test, when a slug of water is removed from the well, is a bail-down test. | |
slurry wall | 泥浆墙 | An underground wall designed to stop ground-water flow; constructed by digging a trench and backfilling it with a slurry rich in bentonite clay. | |
snow | 雪 | precipitation in the form of branched hexagonal crystals, often mixed with simple ice crystals, which fall more or less continuously from a solid cloud sheet. The crystals may fall either parately or in cohesive clusters forming snowflakes. | |
soil | 土壤 | The top layer of the Earth's surface containing unconsolidated rock and mineral particles mixed with organic material. | |
soil carbon | 土壤碳 | A major component of the terrestrial biosphere pool in the carbon cycle. Organic soil carbon estimates, rather than total soil carbon, are generally quoted. The amount of carbon in the soil is a function of historical vegetative cover and productivity, which in turn is dependent upon climatic variables. | |
soil erosion | 土壤侵蚀 | the process by which soil is removed from one place by forces such as wind, water, waves, glaciers, and construction activity and eventually deposited at some new place. | |
soil liquefaction | 土壤液化 | A process that occurs when saturated diments are shaken by an earthquake. The soil can lo its strength and cau the collap of structures with foundations in the diment. | |
soil moisture | 土壤湿度 | The water contained in the unsaturated zone. | |
sole source aquifer | 单一水源含水层 | An aquifer of critical value as the main or only supplier of drinking water for a specific area. | |
solubility product | 溶度积 | The equilibrium constant that describes a solution of a slightly soluble salt in water. | |
solute | 溶质 | any substance derived from the atmosphere, vegetation, soil, or rock that is dissolved in water. | |
sorb | 吸附 | To take up and hold either by absorption or adsorption. | |
specific capacity | 单位出水量 | An expression of the productivity of a well, obtained by dividing the rate of discharge of water from the well by the drawdown of the water level in the well. Specific capacity should be described on the basis of the number of hours of pumping prior to the time the drawdown measurement is made. It will generally decrea with time as the drawdown increas. | |
specific conductance | 单位传导率 | a measure of the ability of a water to conduct an electrical current. Specific conductance is related to the type and concentration of ions in solution and can be ud for approximating the dissolved solids concentration in water. In general, for the San Antonio River basin, conductivity * .6 approximates TDS. People monitoring water quality can measure electrical conductivity quickly in the field and estimate TDS without doing any lab tests at all. See TDS. | |
specific discharge | 单位流量 | An apparent velocity calculated from Darcy's law; reprents the flow rate 'at which water would flow in an aquifer if the aquifer were an open conduit. | |
specific electrical conductance | 单位电导率 | The ability of water to transmit an electrical current. It is related to the concentration and charge of ions prent in the water. | |
specific heat | 单位水头 | the amount of heat required to rai the temperature of a kilogram of a substance (water) by 1 degree Celsius. | |
specific retention | 持水度 | The ratio of the volume of water the rock or diment will retain against the pull of gravity to the total volume of the rock or diment. | |
specific weight | 容重 | The weight of a substance per unit volume. The units are Newtons per cubic meter. | |
specific yield | 给水度 | The ratio of the volume of water a rock or soil will yield by gravity drainage to the volume of the rock or soil. Gravity drainage may take many months to occur. | |
spillway | 溢洪道 | the channel or passageway around or over a dam through which excess water is diverted. | |
spontaneous potential log | 自然电位测井 | A borehole log made by measuring the natural electrical potential that develops between the formation and the borehole fluids. | |
spray irrigation | 喷灌 | application of finely divided water droplets to crops using artificial means. | |
spring | 泉 | A place where groundwater naturally comes to the surface resulting from the water table meeting the land surface. | |
stagnation point | 停滞点 | A place in a ground-water flow field at which the ground water is not moving. The magnitude of vectors of hydraulic head at the point are equal but opposite in direction. | |
standard solution | 标准溶液 | any solution in which the concentration is known. | |
statistical-dynamical models | 统计动力模型 | Computer programs that calculate simplified climate models bad on versions of the conrvation equations that have been averaged over longitude, with the effects of the synoptic eddies parameterized statistically in the meridional plane. | |
stem flow | 茎流 | The process by which rainwater drips and flows down the stems and branches of plants. | |
storage, specific | 单位储水量 | The amount of water relead from or taken into storage per unit volume of a porous medium per unit change in head. | |
storativity | 储水系数 | The volume of water an aquifer releas from or takes into storage per unit surface area of the aquifer per unit change in head. It is equal to the product of specific storage and aquifer thickness. In an unconfined aquifer, the storativity is equivalent to the specific yield. Also called storage coefficient. | |
storm hydrograph | 暴雨水文图 | A graph of the discharge of a stream over the time period when, in addition to direct precipitation, overland flow, interflow, and return flow are adding to the flow of the stream. The storm hydrograph will peak owing to the addition of the flow elements. | |
stormwater discharge | 暴雨排泄 | precipitation that does not infiltrate into the ground or evaporate due to impervious land surfaces but instead flows onto adjacent land or water areas and is routed into drain/wer systems. | |
stratification | 分层 | Separating into layers. | |
stratosphere | 平流层 | The region of the upper atmosphere extending from the tropopau (8 to 15 km altitude) to about 50 km. The thermal structure is determined by its radiation balance and is generally very stable with low humidity. | |
stream | 河流 | a general term for a body of flowing water. | |
stream gment | 河段 | refers to the surface waters of an approved planning area exhibiting common biological, chemical, hydrological, natural, and physical characteristics and process. Segments will normally exhibit common reactions to external stress such as discharge or pollutants. | |
stream, gaining | 盈水河 | A stream or reach of a stream, the flow of which is being incread by inflow of ground water. Also known as an effluent stream. | |
stream, losing | 亏水河 | A stream or reach of a stream that is losing water "by epage into the ground. Also known as an influent stream. | |
streamflow | 河水流量 | the discharge that occurs in a natural channel. | |
sublimation | 升华 | the transition of water directly from the solid state to the gaous state, without passing through the liquid state; or vice versa. Compare condensation, evaporation. | |
subsidence | 沉降 | sinking down of part of the earth's crust due to underground excavation, such as removal groundwater. | |
sunspot | 太阳黑子 | A relatively dark, sharply defined region on the solar disk, marked by an umbra approximately 2000K cooler than the effective photospheric temperature, surrounded by a less dark but also sharply bounded penumbra. The average spot diameter is about 3700 km, but can range up to 245,000 km. Most sunspots are found in groups of two or more, but they can occur singly. Sunspots are cyclic, with a period of approximately 11 years. The quantitative description of sunspot activity is called the Wolf sunspot number, denoted R. The Wolf sunspot number is also referred to as Wolfer sunspot number, Zurich relative sunspot number, or relative sunspot number. | |
supply | 供给 | a schedule that shows the various quantities of things offered for sale at various prices at a point in time. Compare demand. | |
surface irrigation | 地表水灌溉 | application of water by means other than spraying such that contact between the edible portion of any food crop and the irrigation water is prevented. | |
surface water | 地表水 | Water above the surface of the land including lakes, rivers, streams, ponds, floodwater, and runoff. | |
surface water | 地表水 | water that flows in streams and rivers and in natural lakes, in wetlands, and in rervoirs constructed by humans. | |
sustainable management | 可持续管理 | method of exploiting a resource that can be carried on indefinitely. Removal of water from an aquifer in excess of recharge is, in the long term, not a sustainable management method. | |
sustained overdraft | 持续超采 | long term withdrawal from the aquifer of more water than is being recharged. | |
swallow hole | 浅孔 | A vertical shaft in a karst terrane leading from a surface stream into an underground cavern. | |
swamp | 沼泽 | A type of wetland that is dominated by woody vegetation and does not accumulate appreciable peat deposits; it may be fresh- or saltwater, and tidal or nontidal. | |
tds - total dissolved solids | 总溶解固体 | the sum or all inorganic and organic particulate material. TDS is an indicator test ud for wastewater analysis and is also a measure of the mineral content of bottled water and groundwater. There is a relationship between TDS and conductivity. In general, for the San Antonio River basin, TDS/.6 approximates conductivity. Or, conductivity * .6 approximates TDS. People monitoring water quality can measure electrical conductivity quickly in the field and estimate TDS without doing any lab tests at all. See specific conductance. | |
temporary wetland | 临时湿地 | A type of wetland in which water is prent for only part of the year, usually during the wet or rainy asons; also known as vernal pools. | |
tensiometer | 张力计 | A device ud to measure the soil-moisture tension in the unsaturated zone. | |
tension | 张力 | The condition under which pore water exists at a pressure less than atmosphere. | |
tephra | 火山灰 | Any rock material produced by a volcano. | |
theis equation | 泰斯公式 | An equation for the flow of ground water in a fully confined aquifer. | |
theisn method | 泰森法 | A process u to determine the effective uniform depth of precipitation over a drainage basin with a nonuniform distribution of ram gages. | |
thermal gradient | 温度梯度 | temperature difference between two areas. | |
thermal pollution | 热污染 | an increa in air or water temperature that disturbs the climate or ecology of an area. | |
thermoelectric power water u | 热力发电用水 | water ud in the process of the generation of thermoelectric power. The water may be obtained from a public supply or may be lf supplied. See also public supply and lf supplied water. | |
threshold pollutant | 起始污染物 | substance that is harmful to a particular organism only above a certain concentration, or threshold level. | |
through flow | 壤中流 | The lateral movement of water in an unsaturated zone during and immediately after a precipitation event. The water from through flow eps out at the ba of slopes and then flows across the ground surface as return flow, ultimately reaching a stream or lake. | |
tidal marsh | 潮汐沼泽 | Low, flat marshlands traverd by channels and tidal hollows and subject to tidal innundation; normally, the only vegetation prent are salt-tolerant bushes and grass. | |
time of concentration | 汇流时间 | The time it takes for water to flow from the most distant part of the drainage basin to the measuring point. | |
tortuosity | 弯曲度 | The actual length of a ground-water-flow path, which is sinuous in form, divided by the straight-line distance between the ends of the flow path. | |
total dissolved solids | 总溶解固体 | The total amount in milligrams of solid material dissolved in one liter of water (mg/l). | |
toxicity test | 毒性试验 | the means to determine the toxicity of a chemical or an effluent using living organisms. A toxicity test measures the degree of respon of an expod test organism to a specified chemical or effluent. | |
trace gas | 痕量气体 | A minor constituent of the atmosphere. The most important trace gas contributing to the greenhou effect are water vapor, carbon dioxide, ozone, methane, ammonia, nitric acid, nitrous oxide, ethylene, sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, dichlorofluoromethane or Freon 12, trichlorofluoromethane or Freon 11, methyl chloride, carbon monoxide, and carbon tetrachloride. | |
transient non-community water systems | 瞬时非团体水系统 | Public water system which (a) rves 15 or more rvice connections but does not rve 15 rvice connections ud by the same persons for more than six months per year or (b) rves an average of at least 25 persons per day for at least 60 days per year but doesn't rve the same 25 persons for more than 6 months per year. Examples of TNC water systems include campgrounds, rest stops, parks, or restaurants. Different individuals u the water from one day to the next, and they do not live at this facility. | |
transient tracers | 瞬时示综剂 | Chemical elements (often radioactive) or compounds that have finite lifetimes. Atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons from the mid-1950s to the early 1960s relead large quantities of radionuclides to the atmosphere. Atmosphere-ocean exchange process have transferred some of the elements to the oceans. Studying the behavior and distribution of the specific isotopes and other chemical tracers in the ocean will provide information on: residence times of the water and its dissolved components in gyres, basins, etc.; the mode and rate of formation and the subquent spreading rates of specific water types, such as the polar water of the Norwegian and Greenland Seas; deep-ocean circulation and ocean- mixing process, such as advection and upwelling; and the flux of anthropogenic carbon dioxide into the ocean through its correlation with veral different transient tracers. | |
transmissivity | 导水系数 | The rate at which water of a prevailing density and viscosity is transmitted through a unit width of an aquifer or confining bed under a unit hydraulic gradient. It is a function of properties of the liquid, the porous media, and the thickness of the porous media. | |
transpiration | 蒸腾 | process by which water that is absorbed by plants, usually through the roots, is evaporated into the atmosphere from the plant surface. See also evaporation and evapotranspiration. | |
tributary | 支流 | a stream that contributes its water to another stream or body of water. | |
trilinear diagram | 三线图 | A method of graphically plotting the chemical composition of the major anions and cations of a water sample. | |
turbid | 浑浊的 | thick or opaque with matter in suspension. Rivers and lakes may become turbid after a rainfall. | |
turbidity | 浊度 | Cloudiness in water due to suspended and colloidal organic and inorganic material. | |
turbulent flow | 湍流 | That type of flow in which the fluid particles move along very irregular paths. Momentum can be exchanged between one Portion of the fluid and another. Compare with Laminar flow. | |
unconfined aquifer | 非承压含水层 | An aquifer in which the upper boundary is the water table. | |
unconsolidated formations | 未固结的地层 | naturally occurring earth formations that have not been lithified. Alluvium, soil, gravel, clay, and overburden are some of the terms ud to describe this type of formation. | |
undercurrent | 潜流 | a current below the upper currents or surface of a fluid body. | |
underdrain | 暗渠 | a concealed drain with openings through which the water enters when the water table reaches the level of the drain. | |
underflow | 暗流 | movement of water through subsurface material. | |
underflow | 潜流 | the current beneath the surface that ts award or along the beach when waves are breaking on the shore. | |
underground storage tank(UST) | 地下蓄水池 | A tank system, including its piping, that has at least 10% of its volume underground. | |
underwater | 水下 | under the surface of the water; lying, growing, performed, worn, or operating below the surface of the water, as underwater caverns, underwater operation of a submarine. | |
uniformity coefficient | 均匀系数 | The ratio of the grain size that is 60 percent finer by weight to the grain size that is 10 percent finer by weight on the grain-size distribution curve. | |
unsaturated zone | 非饱和带 | The Zone between the land surface and the water table. It includes the root zone, intermediate zone, and capillary fringe. The pore spaces contain Water at less than atmospheric pressure, as well as air and other gas. Saturated bodies, such as perched ground water, may exist in the unsaturated zone. Also called zone of aeration and vado Zone. | |
upflow | 向上水流 | an upward flow. | |
USGS | 美国地调局 | United States Geological Survey | |
vado cave | 包气带洞 | A cave that occurs above the water table. | |
vado water | 包气带水 | Water in the zone of aeration. | |
vado zone | 包气带 | See unsaturated zone. | |
vapor | 水汽 | The state of water in the hydrologic cycle in which individual molecules are highly energized and move about freely; also known as gas/gaous. | |
vested water right | 既定水权 | the right granted by a state water agency to u either surface or ground water. | |
virgin flow | 初始水流 | the stream flow which exists or would exist if man had not modified the conditions on or along the stream or in the drainage basin. | |
viscosity | 粘滞性 | The' property of a fluid describing its resistance to flow. Units of viscosity are Newton-conds per meter squared or Pascal-conds. Viscosity is also known as dynamic viscosity. | |
void | 空隙 | the pore space or other openings in rock. The openings can be very small to cave size and are filled with water below the water table. | |
volatile organic compound (VOC) | 挥发有机物 | An organic compound that is characterized by being highly mobile in ground water and which is readily volatilized into the atmosphere. | |
volatization | 挥发 | Loss of a substance through evaporation or sublimation. When manure is spread on a field, ammonia-nitrogen in the manure may volatize quickly and be lost as fertilizer unless it is incorporated into the soil. | |
wastewater | 废水 | water containing waste including greywater, blackwater or water contaminated by waste contact, including process-generated and contaminated rainfall runoff. | |
wastewater treatment | 废水处理 | Any of the mechanical or chemical process ud to modify the quality of wastewater in order to make it more compatible or acceptable to humans and the environment. | |
wastewater treatment return flow | 废水处理回归水 | water returned to the hydrologic system by wastewater treatment facilities. | |
water | 水 | the liquid that descends from the clouds as rain; forms streams, lakes, and as, and is a major constituent of all living matter. It is an odorless, tasteless, colorless, very slightly compressible liquid. | |
water budget | 水均衡 | An evaluation of all the sources of supply and the corresponding discharges with respect to an aquifer or a drainage basin. | |
water content | 含水量 | The weight of contained later in a soil divided by the total weight of the soil mass. | |
| chelly | water cycle | 水循环 | natural pathway water follows as it changes between liquid, solid, and gaous states; biogeochemical cycle that moves and recycles water in various forms through the ecosphere. Also called the hydrologic cycle. |
water equivalent | 水当量 | The depth of water obtained by melting a given thickness of snow. | |
water pollution | 水污染 | degradation of a body of water by a substance or condition to such a degree that the water fails to meet specified standards or cannot be ud for a specific purpo. | |
water quality | 水质 | The chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water with respect to its suitability for a particular u. | |
water quality criteria | 水质标准 | scientifically derived ambient limits developed and updated by EPA, under ction 304(a)(1) of the Clean Water Act, for specific pollutants of concern. Criteria are recommended concentrations, levels, or narrative statements that should not be exceeded in a waterbody in order to protect aquatic life or human health. | |
water resources region | 水资源分区 | designated natural drainage basin or hydrologic area that contains either the drainage area of a major river or the combined drainage areas of two or more rivers; of 21 regions, 18 are in the conterminous United States, and one each are in Alaska, Hawaii, and the Caribbean. (See map on inside of front cover.) | |
water resources subregion | 水资源亚区 | the 21 designated water resources regions of the United States are subdivided into 222 subregions. Each subregion includes that area drained by a river system, a reach of a river and its tributaries in that reach, a clod basin(s), or a group of streams forming a coastal drainage system. | |
water table | 潜水面 | level below the earth's surface at which the ground becomes saturated with water. The surface of an unconfined aquifer which fluctuates due to asonal precipitation. | |
water table aquifer | 潜水含水层 | an aquifer confined only by atmospheric pressure (water levels will not ri in the well above the confining bed). | |
water table well | 潜水井 | A well who water is supplied by a water table or confined aquifer. | |
water transfer | 引水 | artificial conveyance of water from one area to another. | |
water treatment plants | 水处理厂 | Facilities that treat water to remove contaminants so that it can be safely ud. | |
water u | 用水 | 1) in a restrictive n, the term refers to water that is actually ud for a specific purpo, such as for domestic u, irrigation, or industrial processing. In this report, the quantity of water u for a specific category is the combination of lf supplied withdrawals and public supply deliveries. 2) More broadly, water u pertains to human's interaction with and influence on the hydrologic cycle, and includes elements such as water withdrawal, delivery, consumptive u, wastewater relea, reclaimed wastewater, return flow, and instream u. See also offstream u and instream u. | |
water vapor | 水蒸汽 | Water prent in the atmosphere in gaous form; the source of all forms of condensation and precipitation. Water vapor, clouds, and carbon dioxide are the main atmospheric components in the exchange of terrestrial radiation in the troposphere, rving as a regulator of planetary temperatures via the greenhou effect. Approximately 50 percent of the atmosphere's moisture lies within about 1.84 km of the earth's surface, and only a minute fraction of the total occurs above the tropopau. | |
water well | 水井 | any artificial excavation constructed for the purpo of exploring for or producing ground water. | |
water year | 水文年 | The 12-month period, usually October 1 through September 30. The water year is designated by the calendar year in which it ends and which includes 9 of the 12 months. Thus, the year ending September 30, 1998 is called the1998 Water Year. | |
water-bearing rocks | 含水岩石 | Several types of rocks can hold water including dimentary deposits (sand and gravel), channels in carbonate rocks (limestone), lava tubes or cooling fractures in igneous rocks, and fractures in hard rocks. | |
waterfall | 瀑布 | A sudden, nearly vertical drop in a stream, as it flows over rock. | |
waterlogging | 沼泽 | saturation of soil with irrigation water so the water table ris clo to the surface. | |
watershed | 流域 | The land area from which surface runoff drains into a stream, channel, lake, rervoir, or other body of water; also called a drainage basin. | |
water-table map | 潜水位图 | A specific type of potentiometric-surface map for an unconfined aquifer; shows lines of equal elevation of the water table. | |
water-u efficiency | 用水效率 | A measure of the amount of water ud by plants per unit of plant material produced. The term can be applied at the leaf, whole-plant, and ecosystem levels. At the leaf level, it is more precily referred to as the instantaneous transpiration efficiency, the CO2 assimilation rate (photosynthesis) divided by the transpiration rate (the moles of CO2 taken up divided by the moles of water lost through transpiration in a unit of time per unit leaf area). At the whole-plant level, it is more precily referred to as the growth water-u efficiency, the units of dry matter synthesized divided by the units of water lost. At the ecosystem level, it is more precily referred to as the crop water-u efficiency, the grams of dry weight gained by plants during the growing ason per unit land area divided by the millimeters of water lost (including evaporation directly from the soil). | |
weather | 天气 | The instantaneous state of the global atmosphere-ocean- cryosphere system. | |
weather | 气象 | day to day variation in atmospheric conditions. Compare climate. | |
weir | 堰 | A device placed across a stream and ud to measure the discharge by having the water flow over a specifically designed spillway. | |
well casing | 井管 | A solid piece of pipe, typically steel or PVC plastic, ud to keep a well open in either unconsolidated materials or unstable rock. | |
well development | 井开发 | The process whereby a well is pumped or surged to remove any fine material that may be blocking the well screen or the aquifer outside the well screen. | 城市规划就业前景|
well field | 井群 | An area in which productive wells are drilled (similar to an oil field). | |
well function | 井函数 | An infinite-ries term that appears in the Theis equation of ground-water flow. | |
well interference | 井干扰 | The result of two or more pumping wells, the drawdown cones of which intercept. At a given location, the total well interference is the sum of the drawdowns due to each individual well. | |
well log | 测井 | See lithologic log. | |
well screen | 过滤器 | A tubular device with either slots, holes, gauze, or continuous-wire wrap ud at the end of a well casing to complete a well. The water enters the well through the well screen. | |
well, fully penetrating | 完整井 | A well drilled to the bottom of an aquifer, constructed in such a way that it withdraws water from the entire thickness of the aquifer. | |
well, partially penetrating | 非完整井 | A well constructed in such a way that it draws water directly from a fractional part of the total thickness of the aquifer. The fractional part of the well may be located at the top or the bottom or anywhere in between in the aquifer. | |
wetlands | 湿地 | Lands where water saturation is the dominant factor in determining the nature of soil development and the types of plant and animal communities. Other common names for wetlands are sloughs, ponds, and marshes. | |
wilting point | 枯萎点 | The soil-moisture content below which plants are unable to withdraw soil moisture. | |
withdrawal | 开采量 | Water withdrawal from the surface and groundwater sources for various human us. | |
withdrawal | 用水量 | water removed from the ground or diverted from a surface water source for u. See also offstream u and lf supplied water. | |
yield | 出水量 | the quantity of water expresd either as a continuous rate of flow (cubic feet per cond, etc.) or as a volume per unit of time. It can be collected for a given u, or us, from surface or groundwater sources on a watershed. | |
zone of aeration | 包气带 | a region in the Earth above the water table. Water in the zone of aeration is under atmospheric pressure and will not flow into a well. | |
zone of saturation | 饱和带 | the space below the water table in which all the interstices (pore spaces) are filled with water. Water in the zone of saturation is called groundwater. | |
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