第一章 Fifth Avenue, Uptown: A Letter From Harlem James Baldwin
第五大道住宅区：一封来自黑人的来信。新东方雅思班
1 The projects in Harlem are hated. They are hated almost as much as policemen, and this is saying a great deal. And they are hated for the same reason: both reveal, unbearably, the real attitude of the white world, no matter how many liberal speeches are made, no matter how many lofty editorials are written, no matter how many civil rights commissions are t up. 哈莱姆的居民憎恨住房的建设计划和警察的巡逻，其原因在于两者都令人难以忍受地揭示了白人世界对黑人的真正态度
2 The projects are hideous, of cour, there being a law, apparently respected throughout the world, that popular housing shall be as cheerless as a prison. 诚然，这些工程（建筑）丑陋不堪，从表面上看也符合一个世界公认的法则：普及型住房应该和监狱一样令人郁闷。(民众的住房应当像监狱那样单调阴郁)They are lumped all over Harlem, colorless, bleak, high, and revolting. The wide windows look out on Harlem’s invincible and indescribable squalor: the Park Avenue railroad tracks, around which, about forty years ago, the prent dark community began; the unrehabilitated hous, bowed down, it would em, under the great weight of frustration and bitterness they contain; the dark, the ominous schoolhous, from which the child may emerge maimed, blinded, hooked, or enraged for life; and the
churches, churches, block upon block of churches, niched in the walls like cannon in the walls of a fortress. 宽大的窗户俯瞰着哈莱姆的破败，它一成不变，难以描述：那里有帕克大街的车轨，在此周围，大约40年前，现今黑暗的社区就开始形成了；那里有无法修复的房子，耷拉着，似乎在承载着其中失败与痛苦的巨大压力；那里有黑暗的、带来坏运气的学校教室，因为从这些校舍里出来的孩子可能是伤残的、瞎眼的、吸毒的或一生愤怒的人；那里还有很多教堂，街区连着街区，教堂的墙壁都装饰着神像，就像加农炮加在堡垒的堞垛上。Even if the administration of the projects were not so insanely humiliating (for example: one must report rais in salary to the management, which will then eat up the profit by raising one’s rent; the management has the right to know who is staying in your apartment; the management can ask you to leave, at their discretion), the projects would still be hated becau they are an insult to the meanest intelligence. 对于智力最低的人都是一种侮辱。
3 Harlem got its first private project, Riverton -- which is now, naturally, a slum -- about twelve years ago becau at that time Negroes were not allowed to live in Stuyvesant Town. Harlem watched Riverton go up, therefore, in the most violent bitterness of spirit, and hated it long before the builders arrived. They began hating it a
t about the time people began moving out of their condemned hous to make room for this additional proof of how thoroughly the white world despid them. And they had scarcely moved in, n
aturally, before they began smashing windows, defacing walls, urinating in the elevators, and fornicating in the playgrounds. Liberals, both white and black, were appalled at the spectacle. I was appalled by the liberal innocence -- or cynicism, which comes out in practice as much the same thing. 1 Other people were delighted to be able to point to proof positive that nothing could be done to better the lot of the colored people. They were, and are, right in one respect: that nothing can be done as long as they are treated like colored people. The people in Harlem know they are living there becau white people do not think they are good enough to live anywhere el. No amount of “improvement” can sweeten this fact. Whatever money is now being earmarked to improve this, or any other ghetto, might as well be burnt. 2A ghetto can be improved in one way only: out of existence.
sote4 Similarly, the only way to police a ghetto is to be oppressive. None of commissioner Kennedy’s policemen, even with the best will in the world, have any way of understanding the lives led by the people they swagger about in two’s and three’s controlling. Their very prence is an insult, and it would be, even if they spent their entire day feeding gumdrops to children. 3They reprent the force of the white world, and that world’s real intentions are, simply, for that world’s criminal profit and ea, to keep the black man corralled up here, in his place. The badge, the gun in the holster, and th
e swinging club make vivid what will happen should his rebellion become overt. Rare, indeed, is the Harlem citizen, from the most circumspect church member to the most shiftless adolescent, who does not have a long tale to tell of police incompetence, injustice, or brutality.的确，哈莱姆区的居民，从最谨慎的神职人员到最懒散的青年，无一不对警察的无能、不公和粗暴抱怨连连。I mylf have witnesd and endured it more than once. The businessman and racketeers also have a story. And so do the prostitutes. (And this is not, perhaps, the place to discuss Harlem’s very complex attitude towards black policemen, nor the reasons, according to Harlem, that they are nearly all downtown.)
5 It is hard, on the other hand, to blame the policeman, blank, good-natured, thoughtless, and insuperably innocent, for being such a perfect reprentative of the people he rves. He, too, believes in good intentions and is astounded and offended when they are not taken for the deed. He has never, himlf, done anything for which to be hated -- which of us has? -- and yet he is facing, daily and nightly, people who would gladly e him dead, and he knows it.而他知道这一点。There is no way for him not to know it: there are few other things under heave
n more unnerving than the silent, accumulating contempt and hatred of a people.天底下没有几样东西比一个民族的沉默和日渐增长的轻蔑和仇恨更加令人胆寒的了。4He moves through Harlem, theref
ore, like an occupying soldier in a bitterly hostile country; which is precily what, and where, he is, and is the reason he walks in twos and threes. And he is not the only one who knows why he is always in company: the people who are watching him know why, too. Any street meeting, sacred or cular, which he and his colleagues uneasily cover has as its explicit or implicit burden the cruelty and injustice of the white domination. And the days, of cour, in terms increasingly vivid and jubilant, it speaks of the end of that domination. The white policeman, standing on a Harlem street corner, finds himlf at the very center of the revolution now occurring in the world. He is not prepared for it -- naturally, nobody is -- and, what is possibly much more to the point, he is expod, as few white people are, to the anguish of the black people around him. 5Even if he is gifted with the merest mustard grain of imagination, something must ep in. He cannot avoid obrving that some of the children, in spite of their color, remind him of children he has known and loved, perhaps even of his own children. He knows that he certainly does not want his children living this way. He can retreat from his uneasiness in only one direction: into a callousness which very shortly becomes cond nature.他只能够朝一个方向逃避他内心的不安，那就是变得冷漠无情，而这很快就成为他的第二本能。He becomes more callous, the population becomes more hostile, the situation grows more ten, and the police force is incread. One day, to everyone’s astonishment, someone drops a match in the powder keg and everything blows up. Before the dust has ttled or the blood congea
led, editorials, speeches, and civil-rights commissions are loud in the land, demanding to know what happened. What happened is that Negroes want to be treated like men.
第二章 Roots of Freedom Edith Hamilton
动态网页设计自由的根基
在原子时代，向自由发起挑战是发人深省的。今日，摆在我们面前的是一个奇异的新世界，我们都在思考到底该如何生存在这样一个世界里。我们该如何对待我们最宝贵的财富——自由？我们所知道的世界，即西方世界，在不断开拓新的空间的过程中逐渐形成。
大约2500年前，希腊人始获自由。在那之前，这世上还没有自由。绚烂的文明和伟大的帝国散布在地球上，自由这东西却不见踪影。埃及、巴比伦、尼尼微这些国家推行专政，一人独掌大权统治无力的大众。希腊雅典这个小国家里的小城市，却没有无力的大众。那里的人们由一位无意独揽大权的人领导。帝国的统治者们坚决主张大众应对其绝对地服从。雅典人
却不这么认为，他们认为只有在战争中才应如此，而且，倘若统治者的决策是维护大众利益的，他们自会心甘情愿的服从。古希腊伟大的政治家伯利克里曾说过：“我们的政府是自由的政府，但我们仍遵守法律，尤其是那些维护被压迫者权益的法律，以及那些一旦违背便使人蒙羞的未成文的‘法律’。”
雅典人自愿遵守的，不仅是他们通过的那些成文的法律，还包括不成文的、自由的人们生活在一起所必须遵守的法律。他们善待彼此，互生怜悯，若无这些品质，生活将变得只有荒漠里的隐士才能忍受。雅典人从不认为，一个人能随心所欲，他就算是自由的。他若能自我约束，他便自由。服从于自己所认同的行为规范即是自由。雅典人幸而未把生活看成是自己的私事。各人为雅典人的共同利益都各有其责任，这种责任不是外界向其强加的，而是缘于这座城市是他的骄傲，是他的安身之处。世界上第一个政府的信条就是，那些能自我约束和为国家承担责任的人将享有自由。正是这个理念，为日后希腊人的丰硕建树奠定了基础。
但自由的获得并不如原子弹的发明一样。一朝获得自由并不代表永远享有自由。人们若不珍视自由并为之奋斗，自由就会消亡。自由的维持，须以长久的警惕为代价。雅典带来了这种思想上的转变。这种转变虽悄然发生，但至关重要，贯穿全国。雅典人乐于、自豪于为他们的城市做贡献，从来没想过要从中获得什么物质利益。后来，雅典人的思想态度发生巨大的转变，他们把城市看成是为他们的工作支付薪酬的雇主。他们看重的，不再是人民给予国家什么，而是国家给予人民什么。人们需要的是一个能给他们提供舒适生活的国家，当这成为最重要的目标时，自由、自立和责任的观念就会模糊甚至消失。雅典越来越像是一个拥有巨大财富的合营公司，所有雅典人共同拥有这份财富。
雅典人开始认为他们需要的自由就是免于责任的自由。到了这时候，结局只有一种。人们如果坚持摆脱自立和为大众利益负责的担子，就不再自由。承担责任是每个人为自由所必须付出的代价。这没有
to be loved全国中小学生学籍信息管理系统什么条件可言。古希腊的雅典人拒绝承担责任的时候，他们便不再享有自由。
广州成人高考学校
亚里士多德曾说过：“好的东西千古流传。” 雅典人失去了自由，但这个世界并没有失去自由。美国著名政治家詹姆斯?麦迪逊（James Madison）在1776年左右提到过“人类自我统治的能力”。可以肯定，他不知道自己说的就是希腊。也许他想不起雅典这个例子，但人类一旦产生某个念头，便挥之不去。在原子时代也是如此。这个念头存在于这个或者那个人的思想里，
尽管未被付诸行动。我们无法确定它是否即将成为行动，唯一能确定的，就是总有一天会这样。pieces是什么意思
第三章 Fear of Death Carll Tucker
资源匮乏的恐慌
我讨厌跑步。每天一清早，当绕着纽约中央公园的人工湖沉重的慢跑时，我总能清醒的意识到自己有多么厌恶它。这太无聊了。有人觉得慢跑有益于思考，还有人觉得途中景色让人乐在其中。对于我而言，这根本无助于思考也并无美景可享。跑步时，我满脑子不是又有跑步就是一片空白。可惜我没法子穿过这人工湖径直到家，只能绕着跑，说来它还帮了大忙。
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从许多慢跑者倦怠的神色中不难断定，讨厌跑步的人原来不只我一个，他们同样感到痛苦无奈，这没比付账单开心多少吧。即便如此，我们仍一如既往的跑，甚至死心塌地的选择跑。普天之下有这么多
选择，我们却宁愿去做一件不喜欢并且巴不得赶快结束的事，这究竟是为什么？
不管什么潮流，有多少人追逐，就有多少种理由。他指望靠此降低一再飙升的血压；他希望借此逃避旁人的电话干扰，火冒三丈的配偶或是乌七八糟的家锁；他以此回避生活的艰难抉择或是人生的碌碌无为。人人都有其烦恼和动力。我的苦衷便是体能的每况愈下，使我在网球比赛中输给两年前的手下败将。而我的动力就是挽回颜面打败他。
然而除了这些大大小小的理由外，还有一个更深层的原因。人们突然间如此痴迷于改善自身健康绝非偶然。不错，现代人都渴望健康，但仅靠此举很难使其区别于前人。
由于目光短浅，经济学家总是一厢情愿的认为所有问题皆由经济因素而起。庆幸的是慢跑和经济根本扯不上任何关系，也毫无理由可寻。的确，慢跑是很便宜，但不跑更省钱。慢跑带动的寥寥无几的装备需求恐怕是商人最看不上眼的买卖。
一些哲学家争论道：慢跑以及其他体能锻炼是人们给自己制定的一项任务。生活中的个人义务越来越少。工作时间减少，做礼拜也可有可无。科技为我们腾出更多的时间。但如何填补这些时间则需要去想象去努力。自由时间是一条又宽又险的河，足以使那些不会游泳的人沉没。一个人承担的义务越多，耗费时间就越多，相对危险的自由时间就越少。于是慢跑就成了一项的任务。跑步的过程中，他将不属于自己，而完全服从于他所能接受的自己。
一些神学家也许对此有更进一步的争议。他们认为正是由于现代社会人们的无神论和缺乏自信使得我们焦虑不安的想尽可能活得长久。据他们所说，我们跑步，是为了生存，相信这才是我们所要享受的人生。
所有的这些说法或多或少都有些道理。迷信的滋生以及对战争的
phenomenon的复数热情复苏无不暗示着，我们渴望得到承诺。况且看到如此多的中老年人在健身的名以下深受折磨，谁还会怀疑我们对死亡的恐惧，远远超出了以往任何一代呢？
但依我之见，这种现象背后还有鲜为人知的原因。它背后的驱使力更甚于对死亡的恐惧，那就是资源的匮乏。我们看到土地的流失，河流失去了孕育生命的能力，空气，即使在平流层也存有致命的垃圾。我们看到无法挽回的浪费，感受到意识中那深深的恐惧 ―― 我们正在毁坏赖以生存的地球。同时我们也或多或少的感到无助，并想方设法保护环境。我们重复利用汽水瓶，修复老房子和保护离自己最近的自然资源 －－我们的身体健康，希望这种小的举动可以拯救正被破坏的地球。跑步变成了一种为我们贪婪和浪费的一种赎罪。
这就是我为什么要跑步 ―― 为了赢一场网球赛。
第四章 Beyond Invalidism, Part One Norman Cousins
1 The n of being locked into a body that is inadequate for its needs, the n of living under a lowering ceiling, the n of having to parate onelf from vital prospects, the n of coming to terms with bleakness — all the are the stuff of invalidism. The person who is put on notice by the physician that he or she has a “bad heart” tends to live a life of reduced expectations, to take slower and fewer steps, and to move tentatively in the outside world.
2. How does one avoid the feeling of being an invalid when underlying corditions create and indeed em to dictate it? When a physician tells you that your heart is weak and must be spared the strains that other people routinely and joyously bear, how do you go through life without flinching when you approach stairs or hilly streets or children reaching out to be lifted?
3 Perhaps the best way to answer the questions is to begin by reflecting on the way the human body works. A weak body becomes weaker in a mood of total surrender.思想上先缴了械，身体便会更加孱弱。The mechanisms of repair and rehabilitation that are built into the human system have a natural drive to asrt themlves under conditions of illness, but that natural tendency is deferred or deflected by an erosion of the will to live, or by the abnce of confidence in one’s physician or in one’s own ability to play a vital part in the attack on dia.
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4 Obviously, it is absurd to suppo that there is no illness or somber circumstance that can’t be reverd. But it is also true that under conditions of extreme illness we need all the help we can get. For the same reason it is necessary to put all our own powers to work in our own behalf. We want to get the most out of whatever is possible. An integral part of this process is respect for the human body — an organism of astounding tenacity, resiliency, and recuperative capability. And, since the huma
