which 和as 的用法归纳及比较
一、which 引导名词从句的用法比较
which 作为连接代词,可以引导名词从句,作为连接代词,可以引导名词从句,
在从句中作主语、宾语、定语或表语等语法成分。that 在引导名词从句时,只起连接主句和从句的作用,其本身没有任何含义,不翻译。例如:译。例如:
(1)Which is better depends on the two clothes’ quality.
(2)That Tony can’t swim is unbelievable.
(3)I don’t know w I don’t know which I should choo
hich I should choo ,becau the red andthe yellow are both beautiful.sterops>translate
(4)I think that you can do it better.
从例句中我们可以看到,which 和that 都可以引导主语从句和宾语从句,但是在(1)句和(3)句中which 在从句中分别作了主语和宾语成分,而在(2)句和(4)句中that 在从句中不作任何成分,只起
到连接主句和从句的作用。从句中不作任何成分,只起到连接主句和从句的作用。
二、which 引导定语从句的用法比较
which 作为关系代词,可以引导定语从句,在从句中可以代替物作主语和宾语等语法成分。例如:分。例如:
(5)This is the book which/that I bought last week.
(6)The clothes ,which are over there ,em to have a goodquality.
从(5)句和(6)句中我们可以看到which 可以引导限制性和非限制性定语从句,并分别在句中作宾语和主语成分。一般情况下,that 和which 在引导定语从句中代替物时可以互用,但以下情况一般要用which :非限制性定语从句中关系代词一般要用which ; 关系代词前如有介词、关系代词须用which ,如把介词移至动词后,可用that (或省略);如果先行词是that ,关系代词应用which ;如先行词和定语从句之间被其它较长的成分分隔,常用which ;在“tho+复数形式的名词”结构中,其后的关系代词多用which ;一个句子中如有两个定语从句,第一个定语从句用了关系代词that ,第二个从句中的关系代词宜用which 。但在平行结构中,应重复同一个关系代词。例如:结构中,应重复同一个关系代词。例如:
(7)
qqloginShe was awarded a gold medal ,which the whole familyconsidered a great honor.(which 引导非限制定语从句)引导非限制定语从句)
周遭(8)There’s only one issue about which they disagree.(which 前有介词about ) (9)This is the pen (that ) she was looking for.(介词移至动词后)(介词移至动词后)
(10)I have that which you gave me.(先行词是that )
(11)Larry told her the story of the young airmanwhich I narrated at the beginning of this book.(先行词和关系代词相隔)(先行词和关系代词相隔)
(12)A shop should keep a stock of tho goods which llbest.(tho+复数形式的名词)
(13)This is the book that you bought which you have lost.(两个定语从句中)(两个定语从句中)
(14)I have a hou which is located on the hills ,which facesthe south.(平行结构中)(平行结构中)
三、as 引导定语从句的用法比较
1.as 作为关系代词可以引导限制性定语从句,作为关系代词可以引导限制性定语从句,
主要用于as ,as ,so...as ,as...as 等结构中。例如:等结构中。例如:
(15)Let’s deal with such problems as concern Let’s deal with such problems as concern us.
us.
(16)The purpo of the conductor is to transmit the electrical energy with as little loss as is practicable.
(17)There are so many tickets available as are asked for.
(18)She wears the same watch as I do.(同一类)(同一类)
(19)This is the same watch that I lost yesterday.(同一个)(同一个)
在(15)句中,as 指代such 修饰的名词“problem”,并在从句中作主语成分;(16)句中,第二个as 指代第一个as 所修饰的“little loss”; (17) 句中as 指代so 修饰的名词“tickets”; 在(18) 句中,as 指
代“the same” 修饰的名词“clothes”, 在从句中作宾语;在从句中作宾语;
此情况下不能用that 和which 来代替as 引导定语从句。引导定语从句。
比 较:在(18)句中,as 指代的先行词表同一类,强调种类一样。而在(19)中that 指代的先行词虽然也被“the same”修饰,但是此时先行词表示同一个。修饰,但是此时先行词表示同一个。
2.as 和which 引导非限制性定语从句比较。引导非限制性定语从句比较。
as 和which 都可以引导非限制性定语从句,代替整个句子。但是具体使用方法是有区别的,请看下面的例句比较:的,请看下面的例句比较:
(20)As we known ,Yao Ming is the most famous basketballplayer in China.
(21)The number of the people ,as we had expected ,was overthree thousand.职务英文
(22)The sun gives off light and warmth ,which makes it possiblefor living creatures to grow.
(23)She is very beautiful ,which makes others jealous.
(24)She is very kind to the children ,which her husband ldomwas.
(25)He became a teacher ,which I was not.
在(20)句中as 放在了句首,所指代的内容就是后面的一句话“Y ao Ming is the most famous basketball player in China”;(21)句as 放在了句中,同样指代的是一句话“The numberof the people was over three thousand”。从这两个例句中我们发现as 引导的从句和主句在内容上表示一致,表示一致,
或者说从句的内容是顺着主句的意思说下来的,有“就像”、“正如”之意。再看一下(22)句和(23)句,which 的位置放在了句中,并且which 引导的非限制定语从句是主句造成的一种结果。比如我们在翻译(22)句时可以这样理解:太阳释放出光和热,这使生物生长成为可能;当然(23)句我们也可以这样翻译:她很漂亮,这使其他人和嫉妒。从(24)句和(25)句我们还可以看到which 引导非限制性定语从句的另一种用法,即which 引导的非限制定语从句与主句内容不一致,引导的非限制定语从句与主句内容不一致, 或起对立、否定关系。或起对立、否定关系。
四、as 引导状语从句的用法比较
1.as ,when 和while 作为连词引导时间状语从句的比较。作为连词引导时间状语从句的比较。
若主、从句表示两个同时进行的持续性动作,且强调主句表示的动作延续到从句所指的整个时间,整个时间,
通常要用while 。但是,若主、从句表示的两个同时进行的动作含有“一边……一边”的意思,通常要用as 。例如:。例如:
(26)Don’t talk while you’re eating.
(27)I kept silent while she was reading.
(28)She sang as she went along.
若从句是一个短暂性动作,而主句是一个持续性动作,一般用when 。如果主、从句表示的是两个同时(或几乎同时)发生的短暂性动作,一般要用as 。例如:。例如:
(29)When he came in ,I was watching TV .
(30)It was raining hard when he arrived.
(31)I had guesd it just as you opened your mouth.
若要表示两个正在发展变化的情况,若要表示两个正在发展变化的情况,
相当于汉语的“随着”,一般用as 。表示“每当……的时候”(暗示一种规律性),一般要用when 。例如:
。例如:
(32)Situations are getting better and better as time goes on.
(33)As it grew darker ,it became colder.
(34)It’s warm when sun shines.
(35)He smiled when I praid him.
2.as ,though 和although 作为连词引导让步状语从句的对比。作为连词引导让步状语从句的对比。
as 引导让步从句时,句子必须倒装。常把被强调的作表语的形容词、名词及作状语的副词放句首,副词放句首,有时甚至把谓语动词放句首。有时甚至把谓语动词放句首。though 引导让步状语时,引导让步状语时,句子可以倒装句子可以倒装句子可以倒装(倒装方(倒装方式和as 一样)也可以不倒装。although 引导让步状语时,只能用正常语序,不能倒装。下面我们看一下例句(36)—(39):
(36)Poor as/though they are ,they are very ambitious.
(37)Child as/though he is ,his behavior ems mature.神奇动物周末票房
长春java培训
(38)Hard as/though he worked ,he didn’t pass the exam.
pickout(39)Try hard as/though he will ,he is not successful.
3.as ,becau ,since 和for 作为连词引导原因状语从句比较。作为连词引导原因状语从句比较。
什么是工程管理becau 引导原因状语从句时语气最强,引导原因状语从句时语气最强,
常表示必然的因果关系,从句是全句的重心,它引导的从句一般放在主句的后面,它引导的从句一般放在主句的后面,
并且回答以why 引起的特殊疑问句;as 只说明一般的因果关系,语气比becau 弱,说明比较明显的原因,它引导的从句通常放在句首,常意为“由于”;since 意为“既然”,表示对方已经知晓,无需加以说明的原因或事实(有时为天经地义的事实或格言、地义的事实或格言、谚语等)谚语等)
,语气比becau 稍弱,全句重点落在主句上;for 是并列连词,它的语气最弱,常用来补充说明理由或提供一种解释,一般放在句中,强调“理由”。下面我们看一下例句再一次进行比较。们看一下例句再一次进行比较。
(40)He is abnt today becau he is ill.
(41)As everyone has arrived ,we can t off now.
(42)I’ll do it for you since you are busy.
(43)We must leave now ,for the film begins at ven.
4.as 引导的方式状语从句用法。引导的方式状语从句用法。
as ,(just )
位于句首,这时as从句带有比喻的含义,意思是“正如”、“就像”,多用于正式文体,例如:
(44)I shall do the exercis as you have been taught.
lady是什么意思(45)As water is to fish,so air is to man.
(46)Just as we sweep our rooms,so we should sweep old ideas from our heads.