摘要
摘要
工人的不安全行为是导致建筑业安全事故最主要的直接原因。然而，追本溯源，项目前期的设计问题会催生诱发事故的不安全环境因素，这些因素通过影响工人的生理、心理状态，使工人对行为安全出现认知失效，最终产生不安全行为。所以，在项目初期针对工作环境开展安全设计，排除形成不安全行为的前提条件，便能更加经济高效地进行安全管理，提升安全绩效。为了推广安全设计，相关研究更多地聚焦到应用层面，与之相对的则是理论层面的缺失，设计影响行为安全的机理鲜有研究涉及。现有的模型对于这种机理的刻画过于模糊、简化，与实际情况仍有差距。并且，设计作为一个抽象概念，在这些研究中没有得到定义和解构。因此，本文以成熟的理论模型为基础，以建筑业真实的问卷、安全检查记录作为验证性分析的数据输入，构建了设计影响工人行为安全的机理模型。同时，设计因素得到拆分，安全设计的控制重点得到凸显。
piranha本文的主要内容包括：1）收集、处理工人问卷数据，以计划行为理论和现有理论模型为原型，构建“认知-行为”子模型，刻画认知失效导致不安全行为的影响路径；2）对安全检查数据进行筛选、合并，与认知可靠性及失误分析方法（CREAM）中的绩效形成因子（PSF）映射，以现有理论模型为原型，构建“工作环境-认知”子模型，解释工作环境因素对于工人行为安全认知的影响；3）根据设计模型的公理理
论解构设计，通过语义映射将设计因素和CREAM中的PSF关联，构建“设计-工作环境”子模型；4）将三个子模型相结合并嵌套到基本反馈循环中，形成系统动力学模型。通过仿真模拟得出工人行为安全绩效随时间的变化情况，并通过敏感性分析确定关键设计因素。5）采用认知工作分析作为安全设计分析框架，给出安全设计建议。
本文指出，设计因素通过工作环境因素和工人认知因素的复杂传递最终影响到行为安全绩效。在各类设计因素中，工作环境中“对物件的要求”是最为关键的设计因素，影响弹性系数达到0.2左右。此外，疲劳和超额的工作量会对行为安全绩效起到负面作用，需要在安全设计的同时进行控制。本文的研究方法可以方便地移植到不同行业的具体项目中，具有广泛的适用性和较高的实用价值，有助于开展针对性的安全设计，从源头预防安全事故。
关键词：安全设计；行为安全；工作环境；系统动力学模型；电梯工程
Abstract
Workers’ unsafe behaviors are the paramount direct caus for construction accidents. However, the root caus can be traced back to design problems in the early stage of construction projects. Design problems incur unsafe working-environment factors, and the factors may cau workers’ cognitive failure towards behavioral safety by influencing their physical and mental conditions. Theref
ore, if environment-bad safety designs are performed in the early stage, prerequisites of workers’ unsafe behaviors will be wiped out in advance, rendering safety management more cost-efficient. To promote prevention through design (PtD), relevant rearches laid more emphasis on application aspects. In contrast, PtD has not been well learned yet from theoretical aspects. The mechanism how design influences behavioral safety was rarely addresd in the literature. Existing models depicted the mechanism in vague and simplified ways, which are still difficult to simulate real situations in construction. In addition, design as an abstract concept, was not defined and deconstructed in the rearches. Therefore, using questionnaires and safety check records as data input, this paper developed a real-world model depicting the “design-behavior” mechanism bad on mature theoretical models. Meanwhile, design was deconstructed into factors and the focal point in design was identified.
gnnThe content and outcomes of this paper mainly include: 1) Questionnaire data were collected and procesd. The “cognition-behavior” model was developed bad on theory of planned behavior, which depicted the influencing paths from cognitive failure to unsafe behaviors. 2) Safety check records were screened and merged. Different check items were mapped to performance shaping factors (PSF) of cognitive reliability and error analysis method (CREAM). The “environment-cognition
” model was developed, indicating how working environment factors exert impact on workers’ cognition towards behavioral safety. 3) The concept “design” was deconstructed into factors according to axiomatic theory of design modelling. By mantic mapping, the design factors were linked with CREAM’s PSF to form the “design-environment” model. 4)The above three sub-models were combined and nested in the basic feedback loops to constitute a system dynamics model. Through simulations, the patterns that workers’ behavioral safety fluctuates over
time were obtained. The most crucial design factor was determined through nsitivity analys. 5) Applying cognitive work analysis as the framework for safety design, design suggestions for potential safety risks were generated.
This paper indicates that design factors’ impact on workers’ behavioral safety is mediated by working environment factors and workers’ cognitive factors in a complex and cyclic way. Among design factors, “direct constrains on objects” is the most crucial one with 0.2 impact elastic coefficient on behavioral safety. Besides, fatigue and excessive workload will negatively influence workers’ safety performance, which needs to be considered when conducting safety designs. The methodology ud in the paper can be conveniently transplanted to specific projects in various industries, showing its wide applicability and practical value in guiding targeted safety designs to prevent accidents from
the source.
Key words:safety design; behavioral safety; working environment; system dynamics model；the elevator engineering
目录
第1章引言 (1)
1.1 研究背景 (1)
1.1.1 工人的不安全行为是事故发生的直接原因 (1)
1.1.2 安全设计可以高效控制不安全行为 (2)
1.1.3 安全设计的发展和前沿研究 (3)
中国的英文怎么写
1.1.4 研究缺陷 (4)
1.2 研究问题 (6)
1.3 研究意义 (6)
我好想你英文
第2章文献回顾与理论基础 (7)
2.1 “认知-行为”模型理论基础 (7)
2.2 “工作环境-认知”模型理论基础 (10)
2.3 “设计-工作环境”模型理论基础 (13)
2.4 利用系统动力学方法进行仿真模拟 (14)
第3章研究方法与技术路线 (17)
3.1 “认知-行为”模型研究方法 (18)
3.1.1 数据收集采样 (18)
3.1.2 数据处理 (20)
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3.1.3 结构方程模型分析 (20)
3.2 “工作环境-认知”模型研究方法 (23)
3.2.1 获取数据和数据预处理 (23)
3.2.2 数据映射 (23)commend和recommend
3.2.3 结构方程模型分析 (24)
3.3 “设计-工作环境”模型研究方法 (24)
3.3.1 语义映射 (24)
3.3.2 权重计算 (25)
3.4 搭建系统动力学模型框架 (25)
3.4.1 因素识别 (25)
3.4.2 模型基本假设 (25)
3.4.3 模型基本反馈循环 (26)
第4章系统动力学仿真模拟 (27)
4.1 “认知-行为”模型的建立和参数确定 (27)
4.2 “工作环境-认知”模型的建立和参数确定 (32)
4.3 “设计-工作环境”模型的建立和参数确定 (36)
英语基础学习4.4 模型耦合 (38)
4.4.1 “工作环境-认知”模型与“认知-行为”模型耦合 (38)
4.4.2 “设计-工作环境”模型与“工作环境-认知”模型耦合 (39)
4.5 系统动力学建模与分析 (40)
4.5.1 系统动力学模型构建 (40)
三校生高复4.5.2 敏感性分析 (44)
4.5.3 模型结果验证分析 (53)
第5章安全设计分析框架与案例研究 (59)
5.1 选择安全设计分析框架 (59)
5.2 案例分析 (61)
第6章结论与研究展望 (68)
6.1 本研究主要内容与结论 (68)
6.1.1 刻画设计影响工人行为安全的机理 (68)
coloplast6.1.2 寻找安全设计重点 (69)
6.1.3 开展安全设计 (70)
6.2 研究贡献 (70)
6.2.1 基于实证数据解释设计影响行为安全的机理 (70)
6.2.2 解构建筑业设计问题确定关键设计因素 (70)
6.3 研究不足及展望 (71)
6.3.1 研究对象局限 (71)
6.3.2 系统动力学模型有待进一步完善 (71)
参考文献 (72)
致谢 (80)
声明 (81)
附录A 安全检查项与CREAM绩效形成因子语义映射 (82)
附录B 安全检查项与五大设计因素语义映射 (88)
个人简历、在学期间发表的学术论文与研究成果 (94)
